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1、<p><b> 中文2180字</b></p><p> PLC-based control system design vending machine</p><p> With highly modern people's lives, all intelligent automated new m
2、odel is gradually into our daily lives, and more and more vending machines morewidely used, it is to people's lives brought great convenient, and therefore its reliable and stable design, highligh
3、ts the importance of vending machines are to be completed no vending, optical, mechanical, electrical integration of business automation equipment. Vending machines have not any space restrictions, convenient a
4、dvantage of can 24h daily sa</p><p> The traditional vending machine control system using SCM as the control so that not only will do a great job with the ratio of the inp
5、ut and output interfaces and immunity system is relatively poor, it is also very cumbersome to maintain, and expensive. </p><p> Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a combination of comput
6、er technology, automatic control technology and communication technology and a new type of industrial control devices developed its high reliability, simple programming, and easy maintenance have
7、 been in the field of industrial control vending machines widely used because of the completion of the community as a retail and integrated services independent facilities require it to be r
8、eliable structure, high stability and efficiency. Dev</p><p> From the perspective of the development trend of the vending machine, and its appearance is due to the labor-intensive to technology-intens
9、ive industrial structure of the product of social change. Mass production, mass consumption, and changes in consumption patterns and sales environment, requires the emergence of new distribution channels;&
10、#160;while relatively supermarket, department store shopping and other newdistribution channels, labor costs are rising; coupled with the limitations of the venu</p><p> Central Processi
11、ng Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microc
12、ontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU al
13、so takes care ofcommunication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC</p><p> System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form
14、. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in casewhere user program is being changed. PLC controllers we
15、re used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM 2memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use o</p><p>
16、User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory
17、 bit/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored
18、 in this part of the memory. </p><p> PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC c
19、ontroller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great
20、importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to chec</p><p> Almost every program for programming a PLC control
21、ler possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well asdocumenting a diagram. This d
22、ocumenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system
23、 maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any techni</p><p> Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work ei
24、ther at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already co
25、ntain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different a</p&
26、gt;<p> This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure”
27、 supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supplywhere industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a sm
28、all supply source already incorporated into a PLC.</p><p> 基于PLC自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)</p><p> 隨著人們生活的高度現(xiàn)代化,全智能自動(dòng)化的全新模式正在逐步走入我們的 日常生活,而自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)越來(lái)越多越來(lái)越廣泛的應(yīng)用,更是給人們的生活帶來(lái)了 極大的便利,因此,其可靠穩(wěn)定的設(shè)計(jì),更加凸顯重要性,自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)是可
29、完成 無(wú)人自動(dòng)售貨,集光、機(jī)、電一體化的商業(yè)自動(dòng)化設(shè)備。自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)具有不受任 何場(chǎng)地限制,方便快捷,可以每天 24h 售貨的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。針對(duì)自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)一套控制系統(tǒng),具有性能可靠、電壓使用范圍寬及編程方便,維護(hù)方便。自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)為自動(dòng)化商業(yè)機(jī)械的代表被廣泛用于公共場(chǎng)所。</p><p> 傳統(tǒng)的自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)采用單片機(jī)作為控制核心這樣不僅會(huì)在輸入輸 出接口上做大量的工作與配比而且系統(tǒng)的抗干擾性也比較差,
30、維護(hù)起來(lái)也非常麻煩,且費(fèi)用高昂。</p><p> 可編程序控制器( PLC)是綜合了計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)和通訊技術(shù)而發(fā)展 起來(lái)的一種新型的工業(yè)控制裝置它具有可靠性高、編程簡(jiǎn)單、維護(hù)方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)已在工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域得到廣泛地應(yīng)用因?yàn)樽詣?dòng)售貨機(jī)作為社會(huì)上完成商品零售和綜合服務(wù)的獨(dú)立設(shè)施要求它的結(jié)構(gòu)必須可靠、穩(wěn)定和執(zhí)行效率高。PLC 的發(fā)展與計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)、控制技術(shù)、數(shù)字技術(shù)、通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)等高新技術(shù)的發(fā)展 息
31、息相關(guān),這些高新技術(shù)的發(fā)展推動(dòng)了 PLC 的發(fā)展,而 PLC 的發(fā)展又對(duì)這些高新技術(shù)提出了更高更新的要求,促進(jìn)了他們的發(fā)展。</p><p> 從自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)來(lái)看,它的出現(xiàn)是由于勞動(dòng)密集型的產(chǎn)業(yè)構(gòu)造向技術(shù)密集型社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變的產(chǎn)物。大量生產(chǎn)、大量消費(fèi)以及消費(fèi)模式和銷(xiāo)售環(huán)境的變化,要求出現(xiàn)新的流通渠道;而相對(duì)的超市、百貨購(gòu)物中心等新的流通渠道的產(chǎn)生,人工費(fèi)用也不斷上升;再加上場(chǎng)地的局限性以及購(gòu)物的便利性等這些因
32、素的制約。自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)行業(yè)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)在美國(guó)、日本等國(guó)家得到迅猛發(fā)展,目前已在多個(gè)國(guó)家得到廣泛普及。據(jù)業(yè)內(nèi)人士估計(jì),但中國(guó)的自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)擁有量還不太多,相對(duì)于 13 億的人口大國(guó)和零售業(yè)態(tài)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)而言,中國(guó)自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)行業(yè)的發(fā)展 5 空間將更加廣闊。</p><p> 從結(jié)構(gòu)上分,PLC 分為固定式和組合式(模塊式)兩種。固定式 PLC包括 CPU 板、I/O 板、顯示面板、內(nèi)存塊、電源等,這些元素組合成一個(gè)
33、不可拆卸的整體。模塊式 PLC 包括 CPU 模塊、I/O 模塊、內(nèi)存、電源模塊、底板或機(jī)架,這些模塊 可以按照一定規(guī)則組合配置。在使用者看來(lái),不必要詳細(xì)分析CPU 的內(nèi)部電路,但對(duì)各部分的工作機(jī)制還是應(yīng)有足夠的理解。CPU的控制器控制 CPU 工作,由它讀取指令、解釋指令及執(zhí) 行指令。但工作節(jié)奏由震蕩信號(hào)控制。運(yùn)算器用于進(jìn)行數(shù)字或邏輯運(yùn)算,在控制 器指揮下工作。寄存器參與運(yùn)算,并存儲(chǔ)運(yùn)算的中間結(jié)果,它也是在控制器指揮下工作。CPU 速
34、度和內(nèi)存容量是 PLC 的重要參數(shù),它們決定著 PLC 的工作速度, IO 數(shù)量及軟件容量等,因此限制著控制規(guī)模。 </p><p> PLC 使用系統(tǒng)存儲(chǔ)器(現(xiàn)在大部分采用閃存技術(shù)了)用于過(guò)程控制系統(tǒng)。除了 這個(gè)操作系統(tǒng)之外,它還包括一個(gè)由梯形圖翻譯成而進(jìn)制形式的用戶(hù)程序??觳?型存儲(chǔ)器(FLASH memory)的內(nèi)容只有在改變用戶(hù)程序的時(shí)候可以被改變。PLC 控制器比快擦型存儲(chǔ)器使用得更早,EPROM 存
35、儲(chǔ)器比快擦型存儲(chǔ)器也更早,快擦 型存儲(chǔ)器必須用紫外線(UV,Ultra-Violet Ray)燈擦除,并在編程器上進(jìn)行編程。由于快擦型存儲(chǔ)器技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,使得這個(gè)過(guò)程大大縮短了。在應(yīng)用程序開(kāi)發(fā) 中,通過(guò)一個(gè)串行電纜可以對(duì)程序存儲(chǔ)器進(jìn)行重新編程。 </p><p> 用戶(hù)存儲(chǔ)器被分成具有特殊功能的塊。一部分存儲(chǔ)器用來(lái)存儲(chǔ)輸入和輸出狀 態(tài)。一個(gè)輸入的實(shí)際狀態(tài)存儲(chǔ)狀態(tài)存儲(chǔ)在專(zhuān)用存儲(chǔ)器位上,為“1”或者“0”。每一個(gè)輸入
36、和輸出在存儲(chǔ)器中都有一個(gè)相應(yīng)的位。另外一部分存儲(chǔ)器用來(lái)存儲(chǔ)用戶(hù)程序中的變量的內(nèi)容。例如,定時(shí)器值,或者記數(shù)器值存放在存儲(chǔ)器的這個(gè)部分。</p><p> PLC控制器可以通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)(通常方式)重新編程,但是也可以通過(guò)人工編程 器 9 控制臺(tái))編程。實(shí)際上,這意味著,如果你有編程所需要的軟件,早期 PLC 控制器可以通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行編程。今天的傳輸計(jì)算機(jī)是工廠自己對(duì) PLC 控制器進(jìn)行重新編程的理想設(shè)備。這對(duì)于工業(yè)
37、企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)是非常重要的。一旦系統(tǒng)修改結(jié)束, 將正確的程序重新讀入 PLC 控制器也是非常重要的。定期檢查 PLC 中的程序是否 改變是非常好的事情。這有助于避免車(chē)間發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)情況(一些汽車(chē)制造商已經(jīng)建 6 立了通信網(wǎng)絡(luò),可以定期檢查 PLC 中的程序,以保證運(yùn)行的程序都是正確的)。幾乎所有用于為 PLC 控制器編程的程序都擁有各種不同的選項(xiàng),例如系統(tǒng)輸入/輸出(I/O線)的強(qiáng)制開(kāi)關(guān),程序?qū)崟r(shí)跟蹤以及圖表驗(yàn)證。圖表驗(yàn)證對(duì)于
38、理解、 定義失敗和故障非常必要。程序員可以添加標(biāo)記,書(shū)日和輸出設(shè)備名稱(chēng),以及對(duì)于查找錯(cuò)誤或者對(duì)于系統(tǒng)維護(hù)很有用的注釋。添加注釋和標(biāo)記可以使技術(shù)人員 (不僅僅是開(kāi)發(fā)人員)很快理解梯形圖。注釋和標(biāo)記甚至還可以準(zhǔn)確地引用零件號(hào),如果需要更換零件的話。這將加快由于損壞零件而引起的任何問(wèn)題的修理速度。響應(yīng)的舊方法是這樣的,開(kāi)發(fā)系</p><p> 電源是為中央處理單元提供電源的。大部分 PLC 控制器的工作電壓為
39、0;24VDC 或者 220VAC。在有些 PLC 控制器上,你可以看見(jiàn)作為獨(dú)立模塊的電源。用戶(hù)必須確定從 I/O 模塊取出多大電流來(lái)保證電源提供適當(dāng)?shù)碾娏?。不同的模塊使用不同的電流量。</p><p> 該電源一般不用于啟動(dòng)外部輸入或輸出。用戶(hù)必須提供獨(dú)立的電源來(lái)啟動(dòng)PLC控制器的輸入和輸出,因?yàn)檫@樣可以保證 PLC 控制器的所謂“純電源”。使用純電源意味著工業(yè)環(huán)境中的電源不會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響它。有些較小的
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