外文翻譯----gis軟件和數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)

1、<p><b>　　外文資料</b></p><p>　　GIS software and data structures(bilingual)</p><p>　　1、Arc/Info</p><p>　　Arc/Info is a long-lived full functions GIS package that has bee

2、n ported to the microcomputer, the workstation, and the mainframe. Arc/Info is used to automate, manipulate, analyze, and display geographic data and incorporates hundreds of sophisticated tools for map automation, data

3、conversion, database management, map overlay and spatial analysis, interactive display and query, graphic editing, and address geocoding. The software includes a relational database interface for integration with com<

4、/p><p><b>　　2、ArcView</b></p><p>　　ArcView is available for Windows, Macintosh, and a variety of Unix platforms. It is a desktop system for storing, modifying, querying, analyzing, and

5、displaying information about geographic space. Support for spatial and tabular queries, “hot links” to other desktop applications and data types, business graphic functions such as charting, bar and pie charts, and map s

6、ymbolization, desing, and layout capabilities are supported. Gocoding and address matching are also possible. ArcView is also a p</p><p>　　3、Atlas GIS</p><p>　　AtlasGIS is available for both DO

7、S and as version 3.0 for Windows. The original vendor has recently sold the software to Clartas, which in turn was purchased in 1996 by ESRI. This GIS lets you display, edit, and analyze information from a database or sp

8、readsheet on a map, and can turn statistics and tabular data into graphics for decision-making and presentation purposes. Atlas GIS has a database management system with spreadsheet-style presentation, map editing, drawi

9、ng tools, and reporting. At</p><p>　　The graphics allow full-featured geographical analysis and integrated database connectivity. In recent comparative reviews, three GIS and computer magazines awarded Atlas

10、GIS for Windows the highest rating in value and ease of use. The GUI builds on Windows to allow “point and click” access, a button bar, and a page layout system that displays the map automatically. Several map “style she

11、ets” come with the program. Legends, titles, scale bars and other elements update automatically. A CD ROM of U</p><p><b>　　4、GRASS</b></p><p>　　The U.S. Army Construction Engineering

12、 Research Laboratories has developed publicdomain software called the Geographical Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS). Grass is raster based, was the first Unix GIS software, and has been considerably enhanced by

13、the addition of user contributions, for example in hydrologic modeling. GRASS is available free over the Internet. Many users run GRASS on PC’s under the Linux version of UNIX. Since 1985, CERL has released upgrades and

14、enhancements to GRASS </p><p><b>　　5、IDRISI</b></p><p>　　The IDRISI software system has been developed, distributed, and supported on a notfor-profit basis by the IDRISI Project, Cla

15、rk University Graduate School of Geography. To date, there are over 15,000 registered users of IDRISI software in over 130 countries, making it the most widely used raster GIS in the world. IDRISI is designed to be easy

16、to use, yet provide professional-level GIS, image processing and spatial statistics analytical capability on both DOS- and Windows-based personal computers</p><p>　　IDRISI for Windows, first released in 1995

17、, added a graphical user interface, flexible cartographic composition facilities, and integrated database management system to the analytical toolkit. Special routines for change and time-series analysis, spatial decisio

18、n support, and uncertainty analysis and incorporation are included. The software comes with a set of tutorial exercises and data that guide the new user through the concepts of GIS and image processing while also introdu

19、cing the features </p><p><b>　　6、MapInfo</b></p><p>　　MapInfo was one of the first GIS programs to do desktop mapping. The vendor is MapInfo Corporation of Troy, New York. The softwa

20、re is well distributed and has many user groups and a broad variety of applications worldwide. The software runs under DOS, Windows, Macintosh, and on various Unix platforms. While MapInfo’s GIS retrieval and analysis fu

21、nctions are fewer than those of full-blown GIS packages, MapInfo includes a link to the Basic programming language via a language called MapBasic. This </p><p>　　MapInfo also supplies information products sp

22、anning geographic, economic, political, cultural, and industry application-specific content, each derived from leading worldwide sources to work the software. MapInfo also has an extensive training program, with classes

23、at introductory and advanced levels for MapInfo and MapBasic.</p><p>　　7、Microstation MGE</p><p>　　MGE is widely distributed layer-based GIS with a tradition in computer assisted design by the I

24、ntergraph Corporation of Huntsville, Alabama. The software runs on workstations, PCs and under the Windows NT system. An extensive set of add on modules allow users to configure GIS capability around their specific needs

25、. The layered implementation allows efficient storage structures for the geometry and linkages to relational database records. Geographic element is represented in the GIS as features. </p><p>　　For the attr

26、ibute data, MGE incorporates use of the relational interface system, which facilitates client-server network communication to the relational DBMS so that multiple workstations communicate with the database server simulta

27、neously. MGE contains tools for building and maintaining topologically clean data without the processing and storage overhead of building and maintaining topology. MGE supports the open geodata interoperability specifica

28、tion and the spatial data transfer standard.</p><p><b>　　中文譯文</b></p><p>　　GIS軟件和數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>　　Arc/Info是一個(gè)產(chǎn)生早、功能齊全的地理信息系統(tǒng)軟件包，它已經(jīng)被安裝到微型計(jì)算機(jī)、工作站以及電算機(jī)的主機(jī)中。人們利用Arc/Info來(lái)進(jìn)行自動(dòng)化

29、、修改、分析、顯示地理數(shù)據(jù)，組合成百上千復(fù)雜的工具，以便進(jìn)行地圖自動(dòng)化、數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理、地圖分層、空間分析、相互間的顯示和查詢、邊界編輯以及地址編碼。該軟件包含著一個(gè)與數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)相關(guān)的接口，以便與商業(yè)性的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)、為發(fā)展顧客定制的常用語(yǔ)言相融合。Arc/Info是地理信息系統(tǒng)中一個(gè)普通的、非應(yīng)用性、特定的方法，允許軟件從事任何地理的應(yīng)用。該軟件不僅能在高級(jí)的微型計(jì)算機(jī)上運(yùn)行，還可以在幾種Unix工作站和Windows NT平臺(tái)上

30、運(yùn)行。</p><p>　　ArcView可以在Windows、Macintosh及各種不同的Unix平臺(tái)上運(yùn)行。它一個(gè)平臺(tái)系統(tǒng)，可以進(jìn)行存儲(chǔ)、修改、查詢、分析并顯示地理空間信息。它支持空間的和平面的查詢，能與其它工作平臺(tái)和數(shù)據(jù)類型相連接，還支持諸如圖表、柱狀和餅狀圖、地圖符號(hào)、密度和布局等制作功能。編碼和地址匹配同樣是可實(shí)現(xiàn)的。ArcView同樣是生產(chǎn)Arc/Info的ESRI公司的產(chǎn)品。這兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)有兼容性，A

31、rcView更傾向于地圖顯示而非數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理。當(dāng)ArcView軟件的第二個(gè)版本問(wèn)世后，新的ArcView軟件立即被運(yùn)用到公共領(lǐng)域，還能通過(guò)因特網(wǎng)進(jìn)行使用。 </p><p>　　AtlasGIS可以在DOS和3.0版本的Windows系統(tǒng)上運(yùn)行。最初的賣主已將該軟件買給Clartas公司，而該公司在1996年被ESRI公司收購(gòu)。這個(gè)軟件能夠顯示、編輯、分析來(lái)自數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的信息以及地圖上的spreadsheet，還能將統(tǒng)

32、計(jì)的表格數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成圖表，用于決策和顯示等目的。AtlasGIS具有數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)，帶有…..類型的顯示、圖形編輯、繪畫(huà)工具和報(bào)表功能。Windows系統(tǒng)下的AtlasGIS包含著SQL數(shù)據(jù)接口、街道地址編碼模塊。還可以與Oracle數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)相連接。</p><p>　　圖表允許完全屬性的地理分析以及數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)間的融合。最近的評(píng)估比較，三種地理信息系統(tǒng)及計(jì)算機(jī)雜志授予AtlasGIS最高評(píng)價(jià)和易于使用稱號(hào)。建立在

33、Windows系統(tǒng)下的GUI帶有“點(diǎn)、擊”接口、按鈕菜單、頁(yè)面布局系統(tǒng)，能夠自動(dòng)顯示地圖。幾種地圖“版本”隨著該程序而產(chǎn)生。圖例、標(biāo)題、比例尺以及其它成分自動(dòng)更新。通過(guò)地址匹配和輔助制圖，一張只讀性美國(guó)地址光碟允許全國(guó)性的編碼。一個(gè)圖層管理系統(tǒng)讓用戶改變顏色、設(shè)置、文體、可見(jiàn)性等等。通過(guò)Windows的OLE接口，該系統(tǒng)還允許將剪切、粘貼移植到其它Windows的應(yīng)用中。</p><p>　　美國(guó)軍方建設(shè)工程研究

34、實(shí)驗(yàn)室開(kāi)發(fā)了一種稱為地理資源分析輔助系統(tǒng)（GRASS）的大眾性軟件。GRASS是基于柵格模型的第一個(gè)Unix平臺(tái)下的地理信息系統(tǒng)軟件，并且由于用戶的資助，其功能在很大程度上得到增強(qiáng)，如在水文模型方面。GRASS可以在因特網(wǎng)上免費(fèi)獲得。許多用戶在Linux版本的Unix平臺(tái)下運(yùn)行GRASS。自從1985年以來(lái)，CERL不斷改進(jìn)和增強(qiáng)GRASS的功能，并向用戶提供技術(shù)支持。但是在1996年的春季，CERL終止了有關(guān)GRASS的工作。根據(jù)協(xié)定

35、，現(xiàn)在的CERL與商業(yè)賣主共同工作，支持GRASS并將其功能綜合到商業(yè)系統(tǒng)中。在GRASS網(wǎng)址中的信息將會(huì)作為背景資料繼續(xù)存在一段時(shí)間。</p><p>　　克里克地質(zhì)研究大學(xué)開(kāi)發(fā)的IDRISI軟件系統(tǒng)經(jīng)過(guò)不斷的發(fā)展、擴(kuò)充，并由IDRISI 項(xiàng)目提供非商業(yè)性的資助。今天，IDRISI軟件的注冊(cè)用戶已經(jīng)超過(guò)一萬(wàn)五千人，他們分別來(lái)自130多個(gè)國(guó)家，使該軟件成為全球使用最廣的柵格地理信息系統(tǒng)。IDRISI的設(shè)計(jì)易于使用

36、，但是卻能提供專業(yè)地理信息系統(tǒng)水平的功能，如圖像處理、空間統(tǒng)計(jì)分析功能。它既可在Dos系統(tǒng)中運(yùn)行，也可以在Windows系統(tǒng)下運(yùn)行。其目的是使不同水平的用戶都能負(fù)擔(dān)得起該軟件，使軟件能在大多數(shù)計(jì)算機(jī)平臺(tái)上運(yùn)行。它不需要昂貴的圖表卡片或外部裝置就能很好的利用該系統(tǒng)的分析功能。該系統(tǒng)是開(kāi)放式結(jié)構(gòu)的，因而研究人員可以將自己的模塊加到里面。</p><p>　　為Windows系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)的IDRISI最先發(fā)行于1995年，

37、帶有一個(gè)圖表用戶接口、可伸縮的制圖成分設(shè)備以及將數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)融合到分析工具中。還包含著為變化而設(shè)計(jì)的專門慣例、時(shí)間系列分析、空間決策、不確定性分析及合并。該軟件自帶一系列的指導(dǎo)性練習(xí)和通過(guò)地理信息系統(tǒng)概念來(lái)引導(dǎo)新用戶的數(shù)據(jù)，并在圖像處理中介紹IDRISI的特征?？梢岳眠@些指導(dǎo)性練習(xí)自學(xué)，也可用來(lái)教學(xué)。</p><p>　　MapInfo是第一個(gè)處理桌面圖形的地理信息系統(tǒng)程序。銷售商是紐約Troy的MapInf

38、o公司。該軟件銷售良好，在整個(gè)世界范圍有許多用戶。它可以在DOS、Windows、Macintosh、以及各種不同的Unix平臺(tái)上運(yùn)行。雖然MapInfo的地理信息系統(tǒng)修改和分析功能比那些成熟的地理信息系統(tǒng)工具包的少，它卻包含有一個(gè)以MapBasic語(yǔ)言連接基礎(chǔ)程序語(yǔ)言的接口。這個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)環(huán)境允許定制應(yīng)用的創(chuàng)建，擴(kuò)展了MapInfo的內(nèi)在功能并允許使用公共圖表接口。</p><p>　　MapInfo同樣提供信息產(chǎn)品

39、，這些產(chǎn)品跨越地理的、經(jīng)濟(jì)的、政治的、文化的、產(chǎn)業(yè)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，每一項(xiàng)都來(lái)源于引導(dǎo)世界資源為該軟件工作。MapInfo還開(kāi)設(shè)有針對(duì)MapInfo和MapBasic初級(jí)、高級(jí)水平的大量的培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目。</p><p>　　MGE是廣泛分布的基于圖層的地理信息系統(tǒng)，由阿拉巴馬洲罕茨維爾的Intergraph公司設(shè)計(jì)。該軟件可以在工作站、個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)以及Windows NT系統(tǒng)下運(yùn)行。大量的增加模塊允許用戶圍繞自己的特定需要設(shè)置

40、地理信息系統(tǒng)的能力。分層工具允許有效的存儲(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，使幾何學(xué)與相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)記錄連接。地理自然環(huán)境作為一個(gè)特征描述在地理信息系統(tǒng)中。特征都被組合到相同的類別中作為它們出現(xiàn)的地圖。</p><p>　　對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)屬性，MGE公司使用相關(guān)的接口系統(tǒng)，促進(jìn)客戶服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息與相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)，從而使多個(gè)工作站通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)服務(wù)器同時(shí)交換信息。MGE包含著建立維持拓補(bǔ)清理數(shù)據(jù)的工具，而不用在建立維持拓補(bǔ)前進(jìn)行處理和存儲(chǔ)。MGE支持公