外文翻譯-----碳金融的十年發(fā)展經(jīng)歷

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文原文</p><p>　　外文題目： 10 Years of Experience in Carbon Finance </p><p>　　出 處： The World Bank Carbon Funds

2、 </p><p>　　作 者：Robert B. Zoellick, World Bank President UN Climate Change Conference </p><p><b>　　原 文：</b></p>

3、;<p>　　The World Bank’s carbon finance operations expanded from the pioneering Prototype Carbon Fund, which helped catalyze a nascent carbon market in 2000, to 10 funds and facilities with a current capitalization

4、 of more than US$2.5 billion. The experience of carbon finance has—and continues to be—one of rich learning. Significant capacity building has occurred and must be sustained. This brochure has been prepared to highlight

5、some of the most important lessons learned from the first ten years of car</p><p>　　The CDMS are an important tool for private sector action on climate mitigation, which should be further encouraged.</p&g

6、t;<p>　　There are significant developmental and social co-benefits associated with market mechanisms that need to be recognized.</p><p>　　An obstacle to maximizing the leverage potential of carbon fin

7、ance for low carbon investments is insufficient predictability in the CDM.</p><p>　　A supportive enabling environment and overall investment climate are key to attracting CDM investments.</p><p>

8、;　　Some CDM decisions have had a disproportionate negative impact on Least Developed Countries.</p><p>　　Environmental integrity is essential for both the overall climate regime and the carbon market. Howeve

9、r, additionality remains a challenge due to its inherent subjective nature.</p><p>　　Improvements to the CDM are needed to scale-up emission reductions. Measures are already being taken and must be sustained

10、 and stepped-up.</p><p>　　In 2000—five years before the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change entered into force—the World Bank, with its partners in the Prototype Carbo

11、n Fund (PCF), established the first global carbon fund to create a demand for carbon credits and to gain experience with the Kyoto Protocol project-based mechanisms, i.e., the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint

12、Implementation ( JI). This, along with subsequent carbon funds and facilities, helped catalyze a na</p><p>　　The World Bank’s approach to carbon finance has been based on three main objectives: </p>&

13、lt;p>　　Strengthening the capacity of developing countries to benefit from the market for GHG emission reductions;</p><p>　　Ensuring that carbon finance contributes to sustainable development, beyond</p

14、><p>　　its contribution to global environmental efforts;</p><p>　　Assisting in building, sustaining and expanding the market for GHG emission</p><p>　　Reductions.</p><p>　

15、　The market for project-based emission reductions has grown significantly since the early days of the PCF, and has the potential to grow substantially more to become instruments of a much larger scale shift to low-carbon

16、 development. The World Bank’s pioneering carbon finance operations continue to play a role in leveraging new public and private investment into CDM and JI projects, as well as providing technical assistance for capacity

17、 building and project preparation. Further growth of the mark</p><p>　　While the CDM and JI have achieved significant successes in catalyzing low carbon investment and private sector participation, it is cle

18、ar that the experience has been one of “l(fā)earning-by-doing” and that the learning continues. The experience of the World Bank, as described in this brochure— and to be further elaborated in a forthcoming report—shows both

19、 the successes and the options that exist for improving the effectiveness of the mechanisms. Looking at 10 years of trial and error, this brochu</p><p>　　Growth of carbon finance at the World Bank and its po

20、rtfolio：In 2000 the PCF started with $160 million (USD). Since then, the World Bank has gone on to create a whole family of funds and facilities—capitalized at approximately $2.5 billion—designed to facilitate access to

21、the mechanisms by its borrowing coun tries, reduce risk, and extend the reach of carbon finance into diverse niches in the market. It continues to set an example in this field both by effecting “l(fā)earning-bydoing” and pro

22、viding </p><p>　　Meanwhile, the overall primary market for CDM and JI grew from exploratory transactions, limited in number, in the early 2000s to a much larger volume of transactions from 2005 onwards, with

23、 the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol and the official start of operations in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EUETS).</p><p>　　Over the years, the World Bank has reviewed more than one tho

24、usand project</p><p>　　The World Bank carbon funds aim for portfolio diversification— both in terms of geography and of technology/sector—something which has not always been easy to achieve. Nonetheless, whi

25、le the overall global CDM/ JI market is heavily weighted towards East and South Asia (China and India), the projects in the World Bank portfolio are more evenly distributed between East Asia, South Asia, Latin America, A

26、frica and Eastern Europe (with a small number in the Middle East). The World Bank has over forty</p><p>　　Although projects in Africa represent a large percentage of the World Bank’s portfolio by number of

27、projects, they only represents five percent of the Bank’s contracted emission reduction volume—reflecting the small size of many of these projects compared to much larger projects in other parts of the world, notably Chi

28、na.</p><p>　　One of the many successes and a key feature of carbon finance is that it can both complement and leverage other financial resources to unlock low carbon investments in host countries.</p>

29、<p>　　Carbon revenues provide an additional revenue stream to low carbon projects that enhances the overall financial viability of the project while rewarding more GHG friendly investments and purchasing decisions.

30、 The“pay-upon-performance” nature of the asset creates positive incentives for good management and operational practices to sustain emission reductions over time.</p><p>　　Carbon finance revenues can also le

31、verage upfront capital for underlying investments by addressing the initial investment barrier and providing incentives to overcome social inertia, lack of awareness, transaction costs and the financing of programmes of

32、activities. The origin of underlying capital for CDM projects in the World Bank portfolio highlights the large share of private investment that has been put into climate action. If this experience is extrapolated to the

33、market as a whole, it is </p><p>　　However, it is worth emphasizing that reorienting financial and investment flows to more low-carbon outcomes remains one of the main challenges for climate action. While ca

34、rbon finance can prove a powerful bankability and allow access to capital markets, largely due to lack of familiarity with carbon finance opportunities, specific risks and transaction costs associated with the mechanisms

35、.</p><p>　　A number of actions can help maximize the transformational impact of carbon finance, notably by enhancing long-term carbon finance revenues, leveraging carbon finance and making it fit better into

36、 public and private sector investment decision-making.</p><p>　　Experience with project development costs：The costs and delays associated with carbon finance transactions can be a challenge. These costs vary

37、 by project siz and technology. The World Bank has found that it takes roughly two years from project idea acceptance until the signing of the emission reductions purchase agreement (ERPA). The preparation costs associat

38、ed with a carbon finance transaction over that time period includes due diligence work—which, in the case of projects in the World Bank’s</p><p>　　World Bank experience points to CDM regulatory cycle costs (

39、validation and verification) increasing over time. This is contrary to initial expectations that costs would decline as experience was gained and competition increased amongst the auditors (Designated Operating Entities)

40、. Additionally, the regulatory costs for small projects have increased at an even faster pace than for large projects, even though the intention was to simplify procedures for small-scale CDM projects. This may be in par

41、</p><p>　　Reducing CDM-related costs will require streamlining the project cycle. Efforts to enhance clarity and practicality in rules and documentation requirements are steps in the right direct direction.

42、Moving towards more practical and less costly monitoring requirements is also important. Providing more avenues for communications with project entities and project developers as well as stakeholder consultations will al

43、so be useful.</p><p>　　Carbon finance a driver for grass root climate friendly change：The CDM and</p><p>　　JI market mechanisms are sparking the imagination of entrepreneurs and we have seen tha

44、t they can be a real driver for climate-friendly change. For example, through the signal of the carbon price, there have been important transformations in the solid waste management sector, supporting sustainable urbaniz

45、ation throughout the developing world. The market-based mechanisms are incentivizing project developers to find ways to reduce GHG emissions, such as improving the efficiency in brick-making an</p><p>　　The

46、private sector is increasingly aware that the barriers to and costs of improving energy efficiency in household consumption can be partly addressed with carbon finance. This is illustrated through World Bank micro-level

47、energy efficiency activities targeted at households in Senegal, Rwanda and Bangladesh. Given the climate challenge and the need for action, it is imperative to amplify these efforts and activities. Such scaling up will r

48、equire building on the rich experience and impressive le</p><p>　　Key features of successful projects：From the World Bank’s experience of looking at more than 1,000 project ideas and actively working on more

49、 than 200 projects, we can identify four key features of successful CDM/JI projects. They closely mirror those found in development projects more generally. These features include:</p><p>　　1. A committed ch

50、ampion：someone within the company or government who enthusiastically promotes the progress of the project through its critical stages to obtain resources and/or active support from top management. External technical assi

51、stance may be necessary when facing low capacity, but temporary consultants do not make effective champions.</p><p>　　2. Strong project design & planning from the start：which includes feasibility studies

52、 as well as financial and methodology assessments early in the project cycle. Detailed upstream financial and technical due diligence must be completed on project ideas, as well as early consideration taken of monitoring

53、 requirements that will arise once emission reductions are generated.</p><p>　　3. Underlying financials must be strong：projects must make financial as well as technical sense and lead “to real, measurable an

54、d long-term benefits related to mitigation of climate change.3” Furthermore, like other investment decisions, CDM/JI projects are also affected by the issues and challenges in the overall investment climate in host count

55、ries.</p><p>　　4. Potential to reduce emissions：projects that have the ability to reduce large volumes of GHG reductions relative to their baseline are more likely to attract investors and carbon asset buyer

56、s. Also, larger projects are better able to absorb the fixed CDM transaction costs.</p><p>　　Increasing accessibility to carbon finance through methodology development ：Methodologies are central to the proje

57、ct based mechanisms. A methodology clarifies the approved procedures to determine emission reductions from a project activity over time, including, the methodology’s eligibility criteria, the emission baseline; and monit

58、oring requirements.</p><p>　　Insufficient predictability in terms of rules and process for CDM and JI has a detrimental effect on the potential of carbon finance to catalyze and leverage other sources of fin

59、ance.</p><p>　　Building on experience going forward：Market mechanisms and carbon finance are now proven tools that can support policymakers in delivering mitigation. They have clearly demonstrated that they

60、can help leverage low carbon investments through addressing barriers and creating a revenue stream that sustains projects over time. However, experience with the market-based mechanisms to date highlights that there is r

61、oom to better exploit synergies with policies and various financial instruments which is</p><p>　　Certainly, new mechanisms and policy tools need to be considered for reducing GHG emissions on a larger scale

62、 in the face of the increasing risk and urgency of climate change. However, CDM is constantly being improved and the continued potential of the mechanism should not be ignored. A significant amount of experience and infr

63、astructure has been built in host countries in addition to substantial capacity building. These efforts must be enhanced and sustained and should inform the design of any </p><p>　　The CDM Executive Board is

64、 taking steps to streamline procedures that would facilitate a larger number of CDM projects. These efforts need to be encouraged, sustained and stepped-up.</p><p>　　The World Bank’s experience suggests that

65、 further scaling up through the CDM will require a close examination of the various parts of the regulatory process including its overall governance This should be done with a view to, enable the processing of a larger

66、volume of projects, enhance consistency and predictability, facilitate better communications with practitioners and to reduce CDM transaction costs. Providing a long-term signal; streamlining the project cycle; broadenin

67、g methodologies and</p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>　　外文題目： 10 Years of Experience in Carbon Finance </p><p>　　出 處： The World Bank Carbon Fund

68、s </p><p>　　作 者： Hidenori Nakamura, Policy Researcher, Policy and Governance Team </p><p>　　譯

69、 文： 碳金融的十年發(fā)展經(jīng)歷</p><p>　　在2000年世界銀行的碳金融業(yè)務(wù)的運(yùn)作是從原型碳基金擴(kuò)充而來的,有助于促進(jìn)一個新生的碳市場。碳金融交易雖然經(jīng)驗豐富但是還是需要繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)。具有建設(shè)性的經(jīng)驗?zāi)芰σ呀?jīng)出現(xiàn)并且必須被維持。這本小冊子準(zhǔn)備突出關(guān)于碳金融一些在21世紀(jì)前10年最重要的教訓(xùn)。碳理財作為溫室氣體緩解是一個重要的項目，并且具有源源不斷的收入。迄今為止金融來源優(yōu)化對于支持低碳投資一直在

70、扮演著一個具有催化劑作用的角色。然而,到目前為止還有改進(jìn)的余地。當(dāng)我們進(jìn)入第二個十年的碳金融時，世界銀行進(jìn)行評估其經(jīng)驗和至今所取得的進(jìn)步通知未來的發(fā)展和實施機(jī)制。</p><p>　　1.清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制在私營部門是一個很重要的工具，在氣候緩解方面,應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步的加以鼓勵。</p><p>　　2. 在市場運(yùn)行機(jī)制上有顯著的發(fā)展和社會的共同利益的特征需要被認(rèn)可出來。</p><

71、;p>　　3.最大的障礙是,可預(yù)測性低碳在清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制關(guān)于潛在的碳金融投資利用不足。</p><p>　　4.支持有利的環(huán)境和總體投資環(huán)境對于吸引中數(shù)傳媒投資是非常重要的。</p><p>　　5.對最不發(fā)達(dá)國家，一些清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制的決定有或多或少的負(fù)面影響,。 </p><p>　　6.水情及總體碳市場環(huán)境的完整性是非常重要的。</p><

72、p>　　7.清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制的改善需要加大力度。對于已經(jīng)采取的措施,必須持續(xù)加強(qiáng)。</p><p>　　2000年，在《京都議定書》出現(xiàn)的五年前，《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》實施強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行,世界銀行與其合作伙伴在原型碳基金上,建立了第一個全球的碳基金，創(chuàng)造了一個需求碳排放額度并獲得經(jīng)驗的專題《京都議定書》的機(jī)制,即:清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制(CDM),聯(lián)合執(zhí)行(JI)。這一點,在隨后的碳基金和設(shè)施上,幫助促進(jìn)一個新生市場的減排

73、，這樣已經(jīng)是無比巨大的變化。在2008年許多參與者進(jìn)入了清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制和聯(lián)合執(zhí)行中交易,數(shù)額已接近70億美元。進(jìn)入10周年之際,該銀行有關(guān)經(jīng)驗進(jìn)行評估的碳市場共享的課程里,了解使用《京都議定書》的專題機(jī)制來實現(xiàn)溫室氣體的緩解和可持續(xù)發(fā)展項目通過了在發(fā)展中國家和轉(zhuǎn)型期經(jīng)濟(jì)。</p><p>　　世界銀行的方法是基于碳融資三個主要目的是:加強(qiáng)發(fā)展中國家從溫室氣體減排中的市場受益能力；在全球環(huán)境的努力之上，確保碳金融有助

74、于可持續(xù)發(fā)展；協(xié)助建立、維持和擴(kuò)大市場為溫室氣體的排放減少。</p><p>　　項目市場已經(jīng)大大提高了節(jié)能減排,并已形成具有更大的發(fā)展?jié)摿Γ瑥亩D(zhuǎn)為更多比例的工具到低碳的發(fā)展上。世界銀行首席碳金融業(yè)務(wù)運(yùn)作部門，在平衡公共和私人投資于清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制和聯(lián)合執(zhí)行繼續(xù)扮演者著一個重要的發(fā)揮作用,同時還提供技術(shù)支持能力建設(shè)和項目的準(zhǔn)備。作為環(huán)境友好的一個支持者，市場的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展需要建立一個明確的且可預(yù)測的監(jiān)督管理框架。&l

75、t;/p><p>　　當(dāng)清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制和聯(lián)合執(zhí)行取得了重大的成功時，可以促進(jìn)低碳投資者和私人機(jī)構(gòu)的參與。非常明顯的,這些經(jīng)歷都是從“邊學(xué)習(xí)邊做”中得來的,學(xué)習(xí)一直在繼續(xù)。在這本小冊子中，根據(jù)世界銀行的經(jīng)驗,進(jìn)一步闡述了發(fā)布的報告都在即將出版的成功和選擇存在的改善公司的機(jī)制?？粗?0年的反復(fù)試驗,這本手冊中探索如何建立在豐富的碳市場經(jīng)驗。作為國際社會的出發(fā)點，有效、實用的行動需要應(yīng)對氣候變化帶來的挑戰(zhàn),它需要采用全部的工

76、具來處理,包括碳金融。</p><p>　　碳金融在世界銀行的成長和所產(chǎn)生的利潤：在2000年,1.6億美元開始流通。從那時起,世界銀行已經(jīng)成為了全家人的資金，為方便獲取，設(shè)施規(guī)模幾乎達(dá)到了上百億。為了降低借款國家的風(fēng)險,所以延長了不同范圍的環(huán)境碳融資市場。同時還繼續(xù)在這個領(lǐng)域樹立榜樣的。在最貧窮的社區(qū)“邊學(xué)習(xí)邊做”，同時提供催化碳金融項目和社區(qū)發(fā)展碳基金,分別以領(lǐng)域、土地利用、林業(yè)和小規(guī)模項目。</p&g

77、t;<p>　　與此同時,在世紀(jì)初整個清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制市場交易發(fā)展成一個具有更大量的交易量的市場,從2005年開始,施行《京都議定書》和正式開始運(yùn)營,在歐盟碳排放交易計劃(EUETS)。</p><p>　　多年來,世界銀行簡要綜述了一千多個項目，世界銀行碳基金投資組合多樣化的目標(biāo)——無論是從地理和技術(shù)上來說都不是那么容易實現(xiàn)的。盡管如此,全球清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制大量朝向東亞、南亞(中國和印度),世界銀行投資組

78、合更均勻地分布在東亞、南亞、拉丁美洲、非洲和東歐的人數(shù)少(中東)。世界銀行有超過40%的項目在非洲,代表著超過20%的項目在其投資組合和管道上。與此相反,只有2%的項目關(guān)于總體清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制。其中的挑戰(zhàn)反映在該地區(qū)開發(fā)項目和總體較低的緩解危機(jī)的潛力。</p><p>　　雖然世界銀行計劃在非洲代表著大部分的資產(chǎn)組合中通過幾個項目,他們只代表了百分之五的減排,跟這些項目的許多大得多的項目相比,在世界的其他部分,尤其是

79、中國。</p><p>　　其中成功的主要因素和一個關(guān)鍵性的碳金融是:它既補(bǔ)充和調(diào)控其它金融資源,同時打開低碳投資居住國。</p><p>　　碳收入提供額外的收入流入到低碳項目,提高整體財務(wù)可行性從而有益于更多的溫室氣體排放和友好的投資者來決定購買?！霸谥Ц顿Y產(chǎn)性質(zhì)“自然資產(chǎn)創(chuàng)造良好的刺激好的管理和運(yùn)作規(guī)范來維持減排。</p><p>　　碳財政收入還可以針對潛在

80、的障礙利用前期資本投資,來達(dá)到初期投資目標(biāo)，克服社會慣性,缺乏意識、交易成本和融資項目的活動。潛在的起源資本在清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制項目中，世界銀行的投資組合中凸現(xiàn)了大部分的私人投資,已投入到氣候行動中。如果這種經(jīng)歷作為一個整體被推到市場,據(jù)估計, 在2002-2008時期清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制交易中，催化出一千億美元主要是私人潛在的資本在低碳投資上。</p><p>　　然而,值得強(qiáng)調(diào)的是調(diào)整財務(wù)和投資流向的結(jié)果仍是一個主要的挑戰(zhàn)

81、,尤其是氣候方面。當(dāng)碳金融的實踐證明,聲稱可以到達(dá)資本市場,這在很大程度上是由于缺乏對碳金融機(jī)會的熟悉,同時還有特定風(fēng)險和交易成本聯(lián)系在一起的機(jī)制。</p><p>　　許多行為可以幫助在最大限度上的減少碳排放的影響,特別是通過提高碳金融財政收入上。作為長期碳金融項目，并讓它更合適納入公共和私營部門的投資決策中。</p><p>　　項目開發(fā)經(jīng)驗的成本：有關(guān)高成本和延遲問題是碳金融交易的一

82、個挑戰(zhàn)。這些成本隨著項目的大小而變化，隨著技術(shù)的變化而變化。世界銀行的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),大約花兩年時間計劃構(gòu)想，接受到的簽署采購協(xié)議(ERPA減排)。碳金融交易在一定時間內(nèi)包括盡職調(diào)查的情況下，服務(wù)項目在世界銀行的投資組合準(zhǔn)備相關(guān)費(fèi)用,需要保證符合世界銀行環(huán)境和社會保障平均金額可達(dá)20萬美元。這些成本不包括額外的監(jiān)督管理成本(最初驗證預(yù)先注冊)和周期性的確認(rèn)。</p><p>　　世界銀行的經(jīng)驗提出了對于清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制這個

83、項目循環(huán)的花費(fèi)周期成本(驗證和驗證)日益增加。這和最初的預(yù)期成本將會下降形成了鮮明的矛盾。此外,小型工程調(diào)節(jié)性花費(fèi)急劇增長，使得成本的增加以更快的速度甚至比大項目還要快。盡管目的是為了簡化小規(guī)模清潔發(fā)展項目的程序。部分的原因得到了求解驗證,驗證不是基于價格的大小,而是在其復(fù)雜程度上的項目,小項目往往傾向于更復(fù)雜，更難驗證的部門。</p><p>　　降低清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制的相關(guān)費(fèi)用需要精簡項目循環(huán)周期。努力提高清晰和實

84、用性的法規(guī)和文件是當(dāng)前正確的直接的方向。朝著更具有實用性的和花費(fèi)更少的方向也是很重要的。提供更多途徑與項目實體和項目開發(fā)人員溝通以及和利益相關(guān)者咨詢也將是非常有用的。</p><p>　　碳金融是基層氣候改變的一個導(dǎo)向：清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制和聯(lián)合執(zhí)行機(jī)制的觸發(fā)想象使得企業(yè)家和我們自己已經(jīng)看到,他們可以是一個真正為環(huán)境友好型改變的驅(qū)動。例如在整個發(fā)展中世界通過碳排放價格的信號,聯(lián)系重要的轉(zhuǎn)變固體廢物管理部門,支持可持續(xù)城市

85、化發(fā)展。市場機(jī)制的變形項目開發(fā)者設(shè)法減低溫室氣體的排放,如提高效率,提供所需的財政支持，可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)生鐵。</p><p>　　私營部門越來越意識到成本的提高和能源使用效率的障礙，尤其是家庭消費(fèi)部分關(guān)于碳財務(wù)。這說明了世界銀行通過了在微觀層面上能源效率活動針對家庭例如在塞內(nèi)加爾,盧旺達(dá),孟加拉國。鑒于氣候挑戰(zhàn)和采取行動的必要性,必須健全這些法規(guī)和活動。這樣的提升將要求建造在具有豐富的經(jīng)驗和令人印象深刻的學(xué)習(xí)上，可以

86、通過市場機(jī)制,以確保它們能刺激更多這樣的活動。</p><p>　　項目成功的幾個重要特色：來自世界銀行的經(jīng)驗包括1000多名工程思想家和積極地進(jìn)行超過200個項目,我們可以找出四個主要特點在清潔機(jī)制項目和聯(lián)合執(zhí)行項目。他們還密切的關(guān)注項目更廣泛的發(fā)展。這些特色包括:</p><p>　　1.承諾冠軍：一個人在公司或政府富有激情地促進(jìn)這個項目的發(fā)展取決于一個關(guān)鍵階段,項目通過獲取資源或得到

87、最高管理階層的積極支持。</p><p>　　2.從一開始就具有強(qiáng)大的項目設(shè)計和規(guī)劃：包括在項目的前期可行性研究以及財務(wù)和方法論評估。詳細(xì)的財政和技術(shù)上必須盡職完成調(diào)查項目以及早期考慮，監(jiān)測要求將如何會一次產(chǎn)生減排。</p><p>　　3.潛在的金融支持力量必須強(qiáng)大：項目必須通過資金和技術(shù)支持。任何超前的、可衡量的和長遠(yuǎn)利益相關(guān)的氣候因素必須有所改變。此外,像其他投資決策、清潔機(jī)制項目和

88、聯(lián)合執(zhí)行項目一樣也受到總體投資氣候的居住國的限制。</p><p>　　4.減少潛在的溫室氣體排放：項目中能夠大量降低溫室氣體的項目更容易吸引投資者和碳資產(chǎn)的買家。同時,更大的項目就能更好地吸收固定清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制的交易成本。</p><p>　　5.通過必要的方法發(fā)展論運(yùn)用到碳金融中：方法基于項目的中心機(jī)制。闡述了一種方法論,減排必須通過批準(zhǔn),以確定是從一個項目活動開始，包括方法論、資格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

89、、基準(zhǔn)線，監(jiān)測的要求。</p><p>　　根據(jù)預(yù)測的不足,清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制、聯(lián)合執(zhí)行項目產(chǎn)生負(fù)面的影響，從而吸引了碳的潛力和杠桿金融催化其他來源的資金。</p><p>　　建立在自我的經(jīng)驗中前進(jìn)：市場機(jī)制和碳金融工具,可以為投資決策者提供支持的環(huán)節(jié)。但是很明顯的,顯示出他們能幫助促進(jìn)對低碳投資壁壘和創(chuàng)造一種通過支持項目的收入。然而,經(jīng)驗與市場機(jī)制日益強(qiáng)調(diào),有足夠的空間得以更好地開拓協(xié)同與政

90、策和各種各樣的金融工具必須按比例增加碳金融和利用更大量的低碳投資。</p><p>　　當(dāng)然, 面對風(fēng)險增加和緊迫性，新的機(jī)制和政策工具需要考慮到在更大的尺度上如何減少溫室氣體排放。然而,不應(yīng)該忽視的是清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制是持續(xù)地改善,并繼續(xù)存在著潛力。東道國除了實質(zhì)性的能力建設(shè)活動外，大量的經(jīng)驗和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施已建成。這些努力應(yīng)提高和持續(xù)的設(shè)計,工具和政策應(yīng)研究如何應(yīng)用在未來的發(fā)展上。</p><p>

91、;　　清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制執(zhí)行委員會正采取措施來簡化程序,并且能夠促進(jìn)更多的清潔發(fā)展項目。這些努力需要被鼓勵、持續(xù)和加強(qiáng)。</p><p>　　世界銀行的經(jīng)驗表明,進(jìn)一步提高清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制，需要仔細(xì)檢查各地的監(jiān)督管理過程,包括它的整體治理結(jié)構(gòu)。處理大量的計劃,提高一致性和可預(yù)見性,便于更好的溝通和實踐，從而減少清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制的交易成本。這些關(guān)鍵的變化是必要的，例如提供一個長期的信號；精簡項目周期；拓寬方法和更實用和開放；以及