外文翻譯-----一種新的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用程序開(kāi)發(fā)框架——mvc

1、<p><b>　　譯文一：</b></p><p>　　一種新的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用程序開(kāi)發(fā)框架——MVC</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　MVC(Model/View/Controller)的設(shè)計(jì)模式出現(xiàn)在在Smalltalk-80,并在軟件的設(shè)計(jì)中廣泛應(yīng)用。本文介紹一種基于MVC框架的的新

2、網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用程序。這種框架把實(shí)施邏輯與表現(xiàn)形式獨(dú)立開(kāi)來(lái)。它也提高了系統(tǒng)的可維護(hù)性,可擴(kuò)展性以及使用模塊數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)備案、模板數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),通訊對(duì)象和緩沖隊(duì)列的性能。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞:MVC、設(shè)計(jì)模式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用程序</p><p><b>　　1.簡(jiǎn)介</b></p><p>　　網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)基于B(rowser)/ S(erver)模型應(yīng)用系

3、統(tǒng)。它利用多種動(dòng)態(tài)網(wǎng)頁(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)技術(shù)。目前,軟件設(shè)計(jì)的主題之一是網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)模式和工具的。它們直接影響系統(tǒng)的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素,比如可維護(hù)性、可擴(kuò)展性、穩(wěn)定性和安全性。本文中，基于MVC[1]的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用程序的設(shè)計(jì)模式是為解決這兩類因素——擴(kuò)展性和可維護(hù)性這些不易處理的問(wèn)題。把MVC設(shè)計(jì)模式引入網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用程序開(kāi)發(fā)，執(zhí)行邏輯可以獨(dú)立于系統(tǒng)的表現(xiàn)形式。</p><p>　　MVC由三種對(duì)象組成。1)模型:是應(yīng)用對(duì)象，2)視圖:是它的

4、屏幕的顯示,3)控制器:</p><p>　　定義用戶界面并對(duì)輸入的信息做出響應(yīng)。在出現(xiàn)MVC之前,用戶界面的設(shè)計(jì)傾向于把這些東西做在一起。然而,MVC獨(dú)立了它們，增加系統(tǒng)的靈活性和可重用性。MVC把視圖和模型獨(dú)立開(kāi)來(lái),在它們之間建立了“subscribe/notify”協(xié)議。一個(gè)視圖必須確保其正確反映模型的狀態(tài)。每當(dāng)模型的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)生改變,視圖會(huì)得到相應(yīng)的通知。作為回應(yīng),每個(gè)視圖都會(huì)有更新自身的機(jī)會(huì)。這個(gè)方法可以讓

5、你附上一個(gè)模型的多個(gè)視圖以便提供不同的報(bào)告。你也可以不改變?cè)Ｐ屯瑫r(shí)創(chuàng)建新的視圖。</p><p>　　2.背景和存在的問(wèn)題</p><p>　　雖然MVC的設(shè)計(jì)模式已經(jīng)在smalltalk-80中提出了,并廣泛應(yīng)用于軟件設(shè)計(jì),介紹它到網(wǎng)頁(yè)應(yīng)用程序開(kāi)發(fā)卻仍很困難的。主要由于以下兩個(gè)因素:1)首先,很難獨(dú)立</p><p>　　來(lái)自HTML的編程語(yǔ)言。早期的CGI程序

6、使用字符串輸出創(chuàng)造了HTML內(nèi)容。默認(rèn)的,將HTML文本分成幾份,然后把他們嵌入到CGI程序中。腳本語(yǔ)言出現(xiàn)后,變成了腳本語(yǔ)言編寫的程序嵌入到HTML文本中。然而,這兩種方法有一個(gè)共同的不足,使他們不能完全獨(dú)立于HTML文本。因此,這兩種方法使采用MVC分離三層模式十分難以實(shí)現(xiàn)。2)第二,腳本語(yǔ)言的功能太弱。他們?nèi)狈σ恍┍匾募夹g(shù)支持來(lái)采用MVC的設(shè)計(jì)模式,如消息機(jī)制和事件回應(yīng)機(jī)制。直到JSP Model2版,這種情況并沒(méi)有受到任何改善

7、。依靠強(qiáng)大的Java語(yǔ)言功能,JSP Model2[4]某種程度上實(shí)行MVC設(shè)計(jì)理念。圖 1顯示了MVC的機(jī)制:</p><p>　　?模型(數(shù)據(jù)層):它是封裝到企業(yè)JavaBean。</p><p>　　?視圖(表示層):JSP負(fù)責(zé)的網(wǎng)頁(yè)方式,如報(bào)告的格式,分頁(yè)等。</p><p>　　?控制器(控制層):Servlet受到網(wǎng)頁(yè)上的用戶的輸入并執(zhí)行有關(guān)的操作(呼叫

8、相應(yīng)的EJB組件),給出了相關(guān)視圖,所以JSP會(huì)呈現(xiàn)這些結(jié)果。</p><p>　　JSP Model2機(jī)制主要滿足了開(kāi)發(fā)商對(duì)要求Web應(yīng)用邏輯和用戶界面獨(dú)立的需求。但制仍然存在某些限，例如,盡管JSP Model2已經(jīng)實(shí)施采用MVC設(shè)計(jì)模式的基本理念，三個(gè)層次之間的相互關(guān)系(Servlet,Java Bean/ EJB和JSP)仍然封閉。特別是,就Servlet當(dāng)控制器,不僅控制選擇同時(shí)響應(yīng)模型的模塊,還負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)

9、處理JSP轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)據(jù)提供模塊。因?yàn)檫@一過(guò)程,Servlet本身已實(shí)現(xiàn)非常復(fù)雜的執(zhí)行邏輯，對(duì)于體系的發(fā)展和維護(hù)這是正是一個(gè)棘手的問(wèn)題。因此,在下面的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)框架,我們會(huì)進(jìn)一步劃分出功能的控制器。</p><p><b>　　3.解決方案</b></p><p>　　圖2中顯示,這一系統(tǒng)框架包含三個(gè)內(nèi)核控制對(duì)象/類(SYSController, Model Center

10、, and LPM(Logical Page Module) Center)和它們的核心數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(system description database, model database, and LPM database)。這三個(gè)控制對(duì)象/類根據(jù)原始的控制器劃分。通過(guò)這些控制對(duì)象/類和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),下文將解釋部分的設(shè)計(jì)思想和該系統(tǒng)框架的實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)制。</p><p>　　首先,我們考慮SYSController和系統(tǒng)的描述數(shù)

11、據(jù)庫(kù)。他們負(fù)責(zé)接收用戶的要求</p><p>　　和根據(jù)這些請(qǐng)求搜索有關(guān)的執(zhí)行邏輯。系統(tǒng)描述數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)可以是一個(gè)XML[2]文件或一套XML文件。這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)描述了不同的執(zhí)行邏輯與不同的用戶請(qǐng)求。執(zhí)行邏輯主要包括互動(dòng)模式、數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源與異常處理等，這些組織在一個(gè)樹(shù)形結(jié)構(gòu)中。而SYSController可以搜索系統(tǒng)描述數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。它結(jié)合了用戶的要求和來(lái)自數(shù)據(jù)的執(zhí)行邏輯,然后把它們交給傳輸器來(lái)封裝。SYSController有兩種

12、方法搜索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。 其一是使用DOM對(duì)象(Document Object Model)[3]。當(dāng)應(yīng)用程序系統(tǒng)開(kāi)機(jī),這樣需要DOM解析器分析整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)備案后載入內(nèi)存。數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)將保留在內(nèi)存中的DOM樹(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)。另一種是使用SAX(Simple API for XML)接口。兩者有各自的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。使用DOM可以實(shí)現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)搜索。它可以在大型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)上使用,但是會(huì)暫用更多的系統(tǒng)資源。而SAX接口以高效率和更少的系統(tǒng)資源占用率著稱。唯一的缺點(diǎn)是它獲得信息比DOM

13、難。</p><p>　　其次,我們考慮模型中心和模型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。該層通過(guò)調(diào)用給定模塊完成定義執(zhí)行邏輯。模型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)包括大量的對(duì)象和模塊。這些對(duì)象和模塊根據(jù)特定的執(zhí)行邏輯封裝響應(yīng)方法。當(dāng)模式中心接收到的執(zhí)行消息,它根據(jù)封裝在信息里的執(zhí)行邏輯選擇合適的對(duì)象或模塊。然后按照給定的數(shù)據(jù)格式封裝模塊,冰傳輸給LPM中心。此外,每個(gè)對(duì)象或模塊只需要關(guān)心如何實(shí)現(xiàn)給定的事務(wù)的邏輯以及如何獲得必要的</p><p&

14、gt;　　數(shù)據(jù)而不提交這些數(shù)據(jù)。</p><p>　　最后,我們研究一下LPM中心和LPM數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。LPM是實(shí)施描述的某一種數(shù)據(jù)類型的項(xiàng)目集合，它可以當(dāng)成是一個(gè)或一組磁盤文件。在另一方面,有一個(gè)網(wǎng)頁(yè)可有一個(gè)邏輯頁(yè)或多條邏輯頁(yè)。一個(gè)LPM的功能是很簡(jiǎn)單的:它只需要在沒(méi)有被得到執(zhí)行邏輯和原數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)容的情況下給定數(shù)據(jù)類型。因此事實(shí)上,LPM是作為標(biāo)簽庫(kù)(JSP)或數(shù)據(jù)捆綁(.net)而開(kāi)發(fā)的。此外,這種類型的服務(wù)器腳本可以

15、很容易由客戶開(kāi)發(fā)人員在UI(user interface)設(shè)計(jì)階段理解，what-you-see-is-what-you-get(所見(jiàn)即所得)工具也很容易開(kāi)發(fā)。在這部分,LPM中心從模型中心收到數(shù)據(jù)。它根據(jù)給定數(shù)據(jù)類型和執(zhí)行邏輯選擇適當(dāng)?shù)倪壿嬳?yè)模塊,然后封裝邏輯頁(yè)的輸出模塊到HTTP響應(yīng)并將發(fā)布到客戶端。</p><p>　　注意到這3個(gè)控制對(duì)象,除了SYSController,另外兩個(gè)不是直接進(jìn)入自己的核心數(shù)據(jù)

16、庫(kù)。例如,模式中心不直接從模型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)調(diào)用對(duì)象或模塊。它實(shí)現(xiàn)了通過(guò)ModelFactory的存取。（過(guò)程見(jiàn)圖2）</p><p>　　通過(guò)分析系統(tǒng)框架,可以看出整個(gè)系統(tǒng)完全符合MVC設(shè)計(jì)模式。在在系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)發(fā)時(shí)期各部分的開(kāi)發(fā)者三者冰不具有相互的干涉。當(dāng)系統(tǒng)框架已確定，各部分驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)開(kāi)發(fā)的相似。在過(guò)去這對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用程序的開(kāi)發(fā)來(lái)說(shuō)是不可能的。因?yàn)槲覀円呀?jīng)把控制器分為3個(gè)部分，MVC三層(模型/視圖/控制器)的聯(lián)系變得更加

17、寬松。所以它可以明顯提高整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的可擴(kuò)充性。在下一節(jié),我們將向你展示一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子去解釋如何在三層MVC模式的過(guò)程通過(guò)增加中間執(zhí)行步驟擴(kuò)大系統(tǒng)框架。</p><p><b>　　4.相關(guān)問(wèn)題</b></p><p>　　檢查目前的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用程序設(shè)計(jì)模式(如CGI,JSP Model2等等)，我們可以獲得初步結(jié)果：MVC模式是一個(gè)優(yōu)于其他系統(tǒng)邏輯框架的網(wǎng)站應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)模式

18、，它平衡了合作開(kāi)發(fā)、系統(tǒng)的可擴(kuò)展性和可維護(hù)性。這主要由于舊設(shè)計(jì)模式對(duì)系統(tǒng)邏輯框架的獨(dú)立性的不足之處。例如，在通過(guò)CGI開(kāi)發(fā)的網(wǎng)頁(yè)系統(tǒng)中，CGI程序不僅需要處理執(zhí)行邏輯,同時(shí)也負(fù)責(zé)系統(tǒng)報(bào)告的格式。因此，它要求開(kāi)發(fā)者有很強(qiáng)的編程能力(他們必須非常熟悉執(zhí)行規(guī)劃和界面設(shè)計(jì))。此外，它甚至?xí)瓜到y(tǒng)的邏輯層次混亂。最后,混沌編碼會(huì)帶來(lái)一系列的問(wèn)題。使用服務(wù)器腳本語(yǔ)言(如ASP,PHP等等)實(shí)現(xiàn)的網(wǎng)頁(yè)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)也不符合要求。其原因是,這些腳本語(yǔ)言都有天

19、生的缺陷(例如,他們卻沒(méi)有有好的對(duì)象支持和事件響應(yīng)機(jī)制等)；他們不能令人滿意地縮短網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的執(zhí)行邏輯。由此JSP Model2的不足已在上文描述過(guò)了,所以沒(méi)有這個(gè)必要在這贅述了。</p><p><b>　　5.結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　從上述對(duì)系統(tǒng)框圖的分析,我們可以做一個(gè)結(jié)論。改進(jìn)后的MVC設(shè)計(jì)模式框架比傳統(tǒng)方法有更清楚的結(jié)構(gòu)，每個(gè)模塊間的聯(lián)系甚少?？?/p>

20、架解決是一個(gè)大問(wèn)題,曾困惑很多網(wǎng)絡(luò)開(kāi)發(fā)者。它將執(zhí)行邏輯從表現(xiàn)模式獨(dú)立出來(lái)，實(shí)施并行進(jìn)行發(fā)展。此外,利用模型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和LPM數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，這個(gè)更系統(tǒng)的靈活性、可維護(hù)性和可擴(kuò)充性得到了顯著提高。本篇討論的框架已經(jīng)在UEST網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)上得以實(shí)施</p><p><b>　　參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　[1] Erich Gamma. Design Patterns. U

21、.S. Addison-Wesley Pub Co.</p><p>　　[2] Didier Martin. Professional XML. U.K. Wrox Press.</p><p>　　[3] Stephen T. Mohr. Designing Distributed Applications with XML, ASP, IE5,</p><p>

22、;　　LDAP & MSMQ. U.K. Wrox Press.</p><p>　　[4] Sun Microsystems Inc. JavaTM Servlet 2.3 and JavaServer PagesTM 1.2 Spec fications.</p><p>　　[5] Sun Microsystems Inc. JavaServer PagesTM Standa

23、rd Tag Library Specification</p><p><b>　　原文一：</b></p><p>　　A Novel Web Application Frame</p><p>　　Developed by MVC</p><p>　　Luo GuangChun WangYanhua Lu Xian

24、liang Hanhong</p><p>　　(Information Center of UEST of China, ChengDu, China 610054)</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　The MVC (Model/View/Controller) design pattern was

25、developed in Smalltalk-80 and widely used in software design. This paper introduces a novel Web application frame based on MVC. This frame separates the transaction logic from the presentation format. It also improves th

26、e system maintainability, scalability and performance by using the module database, template database, messaging object and buffer queue.</p><p>　　Key words: MVC, Design Pattern, Web Application</p>&

27、lt;p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　Web application system is a transaction system based on B (rowser)/S(erver) model. It exploits many kinds of dynamic Web developing technologies. At present, Web applicatio

28、n developing patterns and tools are one of the topics of the software design. They directly influence several key factors such as maintainability, scalability, stability and the security. In this paper, the purpose of MV

29、C[1]-based Web application design pattern is to resolve the two factors – maintainability and scalability, w</p><p>　　MVC consists of three kinds of objects. 1) the Model: is the application object, 2) the V

30、iew: is its screen presentation, 3) the Controller: defines the way the user interface reacts to user input. Before MVC, user interface designs tended to lump these objects together. However, MVC decouples them to increa

31、se the flexibility and reuse. MVC decouples views and models by establishing a “subscribe/notify” protocol between them. A view must ensure that its appearance reflects the state of the model</p><p>　　2. Bac

32、kground and Problems</p><p>　　Even though the MVC design pattern was already put forward in smalltalk-80 and widely used in software design, it is difficult to introduce it into the Web application developme

33、nt. It was mainly due to the following two factors: 1) First, it was difficult to separate the programming language from HTML. Early CGI programs created the HTML content by using character string output. In nature, it d

34、ivided the HTML content into several portions, and then inserted them into the CGI programs. After the </p><p>　　? Model (the data layer): it is encapsulated into the Enterprise JavaBean.</p><p>

35、;　　? View (the presentation layer): JSP is responsible for the presentation of pages, such as the presentation format, paging, etc.</p><p>　　? Controller (the control layer): Servlet receives the user input

36、in pages and executes the relevant transaction (calling the corresponding EJB modules), then gives the results to the relevant View, so JSP can present these results.</p><p>　　This mechanism of JSP Model 2 b

37、asically meets the developers’ requirements to detach the Web application transaction logic from the user interface. But some limits still exist. For example, although JSP Model 2 has implemented the basic idea of the MV

38、C design pattern, the relationship of these three layers (Servlet, JavaBean/EJB and JSP) is still close. Especially the Servlet, which acts as the Controller, not only controls the selection and call of Model’s modules,

39、but also is responsible for t</p><p>　　3. Solution</p><p>　　As show in Figure 2, this system frame contains three kernel control objects/classes (SYSController, Model Center, and LPM (Logical Pa

40、ge Module) Center) and their own kernel database (system description database, model database, and LPM database). These three control objects/classes are divided from the raw Controller. Using these control objects/class

41、es and databases, the following parts of this paper will explain the design idea and implementation mechanism of this system frame.</p><p>　　Firstly, we consider the SYSController and the System Description

42、Database. They are responsible for receiving the user requests and searching the relevant transaction logic according to these requests. The System Description Database can be a XML[2] file or a set of XML files. This da

43、tabase describes the different transaction logic related to different user requests one by one. The transaction logics mainly include the interactive mode, data sources, and error handling, etc. They are organized </p

44、><p>　　Secondly, we consider the Model Center and Model Database.This layer completes the defined transaction logic by calling the given module. Model Database contains a mass of objects and modules. These obje

45、cts and modules encapsulate the responding methods relative to specific transaction logic. When Model Center receives the transaction messages from Messenger, it selects suitable objects or modules according to the diffe

46、rent transaction logic encapsulated in the message. Then it encapsulated the </p><p>　　Lastly, we concern the LPM Center and LPM Database. LPM is a set of programs to implement the presentation for a certain

47、 data type. It can correspond to a disk file or a set of disk files. On the other hand, a certain Web page can contain one logical page or multiple logical pages. To a LPM, its function is very simple: it only need to pr

48、esent the given data type without being notified any transaction logic and without concerning the source and content of the data. Thus, in the practical develop</p><p>　　Note that among these three control o

49、bjects, except SYSController,the other two do not directly access the their own kernel databases. For example, Model Center does not directly call the objects or modules in the Model Database. It implements the access th

50、rough the ModelFactory class instead. (Showed in figure 2)</p><p>　　According to the analysis of this system frame, we can see that the whole system perfectly conforms to the MVC design pattern. During the s

51、ystem development period, there is no distinct interactive relationship among the developers in each part. As long as the system frame is established, the development of each part can be preceded in parallel. It is impos

52、sible for the Web application developers to use this approach in the past. Because we have divided the Controller into three parts, the coupl</p><p>　　4. Relative problems</p><p>　　Examining the

53、 present Web application design patterns (such as CGI, JSP MODEL 2, etc.), we can gain an elementary result: Web application system developed by MVC pattern excels the one developed by other patterns at the system logica

54、l frame, parallel cooperating development, system scalability and maintainability. It is mainly due to the deficiencies of the old design patterns on system logical frame partition. For example, in Web systems developed

55、by CGI, the CGI programs not only need to proce</p><p>　　5. Conclusion</p><p>　　From the analysis of the system frame above, we can draw a conclusion. The improved Web application system frame b

56、ased on MVC design pattern has clearer structure than traditional ones. The couplings among each module are looser. Especially, this frame resolves a big problem, which puzzled Web developers for a long time. It separate

57、s the transaction logic from presentation, and implements the parallel proceeding in development. Furthermore, by using the Model Database and LPM Database, the flexi</p><p>　　References</p><p>

58、　　[1] Erich Gamma. Design Patterns. U.S. Addison-Wesley Pub Co.</p><p>　　[2] Didier Martin. Professional XML. U.K. Wrox Press.</p><p>　　[3] Stephen T. Mohr. Designing Distributed Applications wi

59、th XML, ASP, IE5,</p><p>　　LDAP & MSMQ. U.K. Wrox Press.</p><p>　　[4] Sun Microsystems Inc. JavaTM Servlet 2.3 and JavaServer PagesTM 1.2 Spec fications.</p><p>　　[5] Sun Micros

60、ystems Inc. JavaServer PagesTM Standard Tag Library Specification</p><p><b>　　譯文二：</b></p><p><b>　　網(wǎng)站建設(shè)技術(shù)</b></p><p>　　1.介紹 網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,為今天全球性的信息交流與資在建立源共享和交

61、往提供了更多的途徑和可能。足不出戶便可以知曉天下大事,按幾下鍵盤或點(diǎn)幾下鼠標(biāo)可以與遠(yuǎn)在千里之外的朋友交流,網(wǎng)上通信、網(wǎng)上瀏覽、網(wǎng)上交互、網(wǎng)上電子商務(wù)已成為現(xiàn)代人們生活的一部分。Internet 時(shí)代, 造就了人們新的工作和生活方式,其互聯(lián)性、開(kāi)放性和共享信息的模式,打破了傳統(tǒng)信息傳播方式的重重壁壘,為人們帶來(lái)了新的機(jī)遇。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)和信息時(shí)代的到來(lái),人類社會(huì)前進(jìn)的腳步在逐漸加快。近幾年網(wǎng)頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展,快得人目不暇接。隨著網(wǎng)頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,

62、豐富多彩的網(wǎng)頁(yè)成為網(wǎng)上一道亮麗的風(fēng)景線。要想設(shè)計(jì)美觀實(shí)用的網(wǎng)頁(yè)就應(yīng)該深入掌握網(wǎng)站建設(shè)技術(shù)。在建立網(wǎng)站時(shí),我們分析了網(wǎng)站建立的目的、內(nèi)容、功能、結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)用了更多的網(wǎng)頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)。</p><p>　　2、網(wǎng)站的定義2.1 如何定義網(wǎng)站 確定網(wǎng)站的任務(wù)和目標(biāo),是建設(shè)網(wǎng)站所面臨的最重要的問(wèn)題。為什么人們會(huì)來(lái)到你的網(wǎng)站? 你有獨(dú)特的服務(wù)嗎? 人們第一次到你的網(wǎng)站是為了什么? 他們還會(huì)再來(lái)嗎? 這些問(wèn)題都是定義網(wǎng)站

63、時(shí)必須考慮的問(wèn)題。要定義網(wǎng)站,首先,必須對(duì)整個(gè)網(wǎng)站有一個(gè)清晰認(rèn)識(shí),弄清到底要設(shè)計(jì)什么、主要的目的與任務(wù)、如何對(duì)任務(wù)進(jìn)行組織與規(guī)劃。其次,保持網(wǎng)站的高品質(zhì)。在眾多網(wǎng)站的激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中,高品質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品是長(zhǎng)期競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的最大優(yōu)勢(shì)。一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的網(wǎng)站應(yīng)具備：（1）用戶訪問(wèn)網(wǎng)站的速度要快；（2）注意反饋與更新。及時(shí)更新網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容、及時(shí)反饋用戶的要求；（3）首頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì)要合理。首頁(yè)給訪問(wèn)者留下的第一印象很重要,設(shè)計(jì)務(wù)必精美,以求產(chǎn)生良好的視覺(jué)效果。</p&g

64、t;<p>　　2.2 網(wǎng)站的內(nèi)容和功能 在網(wǎng)站的內(nèi)容方面,就是要做到新、快、全三面。網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容的類型包括靜態(tài)的、動(dòng)態(tài)的、功能的和事物處理的。確定網(wǎng)站的內(nèi)容是根據(jù)網(wǎng)站的性質(zhì)決定的,在設(shè)計(jì)政府網(wǎng)站、商業(yè)網(wǎng)站、科普性網(wǎng)站、公司介紹網(wǎng)站、教學(xué)交流網(wǎng)站等的內(nèi)容和風(fēng)格時(shí)各有不同。我們建立的網(wǎng)站同這些類型的網(wǎng)站性質(zhì)均不相同。</p><p>　　2.3 網(wǎng)站的結(jié)構(gòu)（1）網(wǎng)站的結(jié)構(gòu)；（2）定義導(dǎo)航；（

65、3）可視化設(shè)計(jì)；（4）設(shè)計(jì)框架和頁(yè)面。</p><p>　　3、網(wǎng)站的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn) 隨著人們對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)的要求越來(lái)越高,高格調(diào),高品位的設(shè)計(jì)作品,才深受人們的歡迎。這也就給設(shè)計(jì)者們提出了更高的要求,從這個(gè)角度說(shuō),板式設(shè)計(jì)正是滿足了人們的要求應(yīng)需而生?？萍嫉娘w躍發(fā)展, 讓Internet 走進(jìn)了千家萬(wàn)戶,也產(chǎn)生出新的設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域空間,而網(wǎng)頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì)成為新的設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域的重要內(nèi)容。優(yōu)秀的網(wǎng)頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì),必須有好的創(chuàng)意,才能使觀者視線

66、久久難移,產(chǎn)生震撼力。版面設(shè)計(jì)是很重要的,通過(guò)文字、圖形的空間組合,能最佳的表達(dá)出和諧與美。如果想進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)網(wǎng)頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì),做出有別于一般網(wǎng)站的網(wǎng)頁(yè),就需要掌握更多的象CSS 、javascript 、CGI 等網(wǎng)頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)。在網(wǎng)站的建設(shè)中就應(yīng)用了CSS 、javascript 等網(wǎng)頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)。</p><p>　　3.1 應(yīng)用CSS 設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)頁(yè)(1) 什么是CSS ? CSS 是一種樣式表(stylesheet)技術(shù)

67、。也有的人稱之為層疊樣式表( Cascading Stylesheet)。(2) CSS與HTML的結(jié)合方式。方式一：將所定義的CSS內(nèi)容書寫在這一對(duì)標(biāo)簽之間。方式二：將CSS內(nèi)容單獨(dú)保存為一個(gè)文本文件,再由標(biāo)簽來(lái)調(diào)用。(3) CSS在網(wǎng)站中的應(yīng)用事例。在網(wǎng)站中的頁(yè)面,增加了以下的定義, 使頁(yè)面有特殊的顯示效果。</p><p>　　3.2 應(yīng)用javascript 設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)頁(yè) javascript的出

68、現(xiàn)使得信息和用戶之間不僅只是一種顯示和瀏覽的關(guān)系,而是實(shí)現(xiàn)了一種實(shí)時(shí)的、動(dòng)態(tài)的、可交式的表達(dá)能力。從而基于CGI靜態(tài)的HTML頁(yè)面將被可提供動(dòng)態(tài)實(shí)時(shí)信息,并對(duì)客戶操作進(jìn)行反應(yīng)的Web頁(yè)面的取代。javascript腳本正是滿足這種需求而產(chǎn)生的語(yǔ)言。它深受廣泛用戶的喜愛(ài)。它是眾多腳本語(yǔ)言中較為優(yōu)秀的一種。與WWW的結(jié)合有效地實(shí)現(xiàn)了網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算和網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算機(jī)的藍(lán)圖。 4.關(guān)于網(wǎng)站建設(shè)的幾點(diǎn)體會(huì)  隨著Interne

69、t的普及，越來(lái)越多的政府部門、公司和個(gè)人意識(shí)到需要擁有自己的獨(dú)立網(wǎng)站。下面就設(shè)計(jì)和制作網(wǎng)站談?wù)勛约旱囊恍w會(huì)。 在進(jìn)行完系統(tǒng)分析之后，我們就應(yīng)該進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。網(wǎng)頁(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)類似于軟件開(kāi)發(fā)的設(shè)計(jì)，有自頂向下、自底向上和不斷增補(bǔ)等設(shè)計(jì)方法。主要任務(wù)是網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容的設(shè)計(jì)，包括網(wǎng)頁(yè)的信息組織結(jié)構(gòu)、外觀、內(nèi)容分塊、導(dǎo)航與鏈接、目錄結(jié)構(gòu)等設(shè)計(jì)。系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)是網(wǎng)站具體實(shí)現(xiàn)前的準(zhǔn)備，對(duì)網(wǎng)頁(yè)的實(shí)現(xiàn)進(jìn)一步提出更具體的要求，對(duì)網(wǎng)頁(yè)的整體效果、局部細(xì)節(jié)有更明確的

70、設(shè)想。這個(gè)過(guò)程是整個(gè)網(wǎng)站規(guī)劃中的關(guān)鍵。</p><p>　　接下來(lái)就是如何將自己設(shè)計(jì)的網(wǎng)站實(shí)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題。對(duì)于網(wǎng)站的實(shí)現(xiàn)，我認(rèn)為需要考慮兩部分：網(wǎng)頁(yè)的實(shí)現(xiàn)；Web服務(wù)器的實(shí)現(xiàn)。在網(wǎng)站實(shí)現(xiàn)的過(guò)程中，技術(shù)選型很重要。前者主要使用HTML語(yǔ)言，對(duì)于交互性較強(qiáng)的網(wǎng)站來(lái)說(shuō)，建議采用ASP、JSP、PHP等編程來(lái)輔助實(shí)現(xiàn)，更為復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)站可能還會(huì)有自己的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。后者則用到各種基于不同操作系統(tǒng)的Web服務(wù)器軟件的安裝、調(diào)試。這個(gè)階段

71、是整個(gè)過(guò)程中最主要也最耗時(shí)的一部分。</p><p>　　當(dāng)我們完成了上述工作后，就需要進(jìn)行網(wǎng)頁(yè)發(fā)布了。到了這個(gè)階段，網(wǎng)頁(yè)制作就接近尾聲，主要工作是把做好的網(wǎng)頁(yè)發(fā)布到網(wǎng)絡(luò)上，對(duì)網(wǎng)頁(yè)作最后的修改、測(cè)試，保證網(wǎng)頁(yè)能在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上正常地運(yùn)行。</p><p>　　在網(wǎng)頁(yè)發(fā)布以后，應(yīng)對(duì)網(wǎng)頁(yè)進(jìn)行各個(gè)方面各種情況的測(cè)試，包括網(wǎng)頁(yè)能否對(duì)任何不同的瀏覽器、不同的訪問(wèn)者都表現(xiàn)正常，ASP、JSP、PHP程序能否正

72、常工作等等。這個(gè)階段是網(wǎng)頁(yè)的試運(yùn)行期，此時(shí)應(yīng)把網(wǎng)頁(yè)的各種缺陷盡量彌補(bǔ)，使網(wǎng)頁(yè)更加完善。 經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)期的運(yùn)行，網(wǎng)站就進(jìn)入了正常運(yùn)行期，主要工作是及時(shí)更新網(wǎng)頁(yè)過(guò)時(shí)的信息，及時(shí)對(duì)訪問(wèn)者的留言做出反饋，進(jìn)一步完善網(wǎng)頁(yè)，不斷采用新的技術(shù)更新升級(jí)網(wǎng)頁(yè)，使網(wǎng)頁(yè)的訪問(wèn)更迅速，外觀更美觀，信息資源更豐富。</p><p>　　以上就是建站要大體遵循的七個(gè)步驟，這七個(gè)步驟是相輔相成的，但可根據(jù)網(wǎng)頁(yè)的難易程度和復(fù)雜度適當(dāng)增強(qiáng)或減

73、弱某個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)?？傊?，建設(shè)一個(gè)成功的網(wǎng)站并非一件容易的事，它需要全方位考慮，綜合各方面的因素。</p><p>　　5.結(jié)束語(yǔ) 隨著Internet技術(shù)的突飛猛進(jìn),各行各業(yè)都在加入Internet的行業(yè)中來(lái)。無(wú)論從管理方面,還是從商業(yè)角度來(lái)看,Internet都可以帶來(lái)無(wú)限生機(jī)。Internet成為了一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)人員施才華的新天地。人們將不斷探索,將網(wǎng)站建設(shè)中的新技術(shù)應(yīng)用在網(wǎng)站中。</p><

74、p><b>　　參考文獻(xiàn)：</b></p><p>　　N.Hritonenko, Yu.Yatsenko.Creative destruction of computing systems: Analysis and modeling, Journal of Supercomputing, 38(2006), 143-154.</p><p>　　Yu.Yat

75、senko, N.Hritonenko.Network economics and optimal replacement of agestructured. IT capital, Mathematical Methods of Operations Research, 65(2007), 483-497.</p><p>　　A.S. Boranbayev, Reference Architecture fo

76、r Web Applications, Reports of the National Academy of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 5 (2007), 18-26.</p><p>　　The Spring Framework official website: http://www.springframework.org/.</p><

77、p>　　Martin Fowler discusses details of the dependency injection pattern and how Spring.</p><p>　　JUnit framework: http://www.junit.org/.</p><p>　　Spring Framework official website - Chapter 9

78、, Transaction management: http://static.springframework.org/spring/docs/2.0.x/reference/transaction.html.</p><p>　　A.S. Boranbayev, Optimal Methods for Java Web Services, News of the National Academy of Scie

79、nce of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 5 (2007), 38-43.</p><p><b>　　原文二：</b></p><p>　　On site construction technology </p><p>　　Feng Liu，Lingling Zhang，Jifa Gu</p>&l

80、t;p>　　1 .Introduction The development of network technology for today's global information exchange and sharing funding source in the establishment of contacts and provide more channels and possible. Homes wi

81、ll be known world affairs, according few keyboard or a few mouse clicks can be distant friends thousands of miles away exchanges, and online communications, Internet browsing, on-line interactive, e-commerce has become a

82、 modern part of people's lives. Internet era, has created the new pe</p><p>　　Web site identified the tasks and objectives, the building site is the most important issue. Why people will come to you

83、r website? You have a unique service? The first people to your website is to what? They will come back? All these issues must be taken into account when the site definition of the problem. Definition site to, first of al

84、l, the entire site must have a clear understanding of what the design should understand in the end, the main purpose of the mission, how to carry out the task o</p><p>　　After conducting systematic analysis

85、End, we should carry out system design. Web page design similar to the development of software design, top-down, bottom-up and continuous updating, and other design methods. The main task is to design the content of the

86、sites, including the website information organization structure, appearance, content block, navigation and links, directory structure design. System design is the site ready before the concrete realization of the website

87、 to further the realiza</p><p>　　REFERENCES：</p><p>　　[1] N.Hritonenko, Yu.Yatsenko.Creative destruction of computing systems: Analysis and modeling, Journal of Supercomputing, 38(2006), 143-15

88、4.</p><p>　　[2] Yu.Yatsenko, N.Hritonenko.Network economics and optimal replacement of agestructured. IT capital, Mathematical Methods of Operations Research, 65(2007), 483-497.</p><p>　　[3] A

89、.S. Boranbayev, Reference Architecture for Web Applications, Reports of the National Academy of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 5 (2007), 18-26.</p><p>　　[4] The Spring Framework official website: ht

90、tp://www.springframework.org/.</p><p>　　[5] Martin Fowler discusses details of the dependency injection pattern and how Spring.</p><p>　　[6] JUnit framework: http://www.junit.org/.</p>

91、<p>　　[7] Spring Framework official website - Chapter 9, Transaction management: http://static.springframework.org/spring/docs/2.0.x/reference/transaction.html.</p><p>　　[8] A.S. Boranbayev, Optimal M