發(fā)動機(jī)潤滑系統(tǒng)外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　英文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　English Lubricating System</p><p>　　There are a great many moving metal parts in the engine. There part

2、s must be protected by lubricating oil so that there will be no actual metal-to-metal contact. The moving parts , in effect , float on films of oil .</p><p>　　Two types of lubricating systems have been used

3、 on four-cycle automotive engines , splash and combination splash and pressure feed.</p><p>　　In the splash lubricating system , oil is splashed up from the oil pan or oil trays in the lower part of the cran

4、kcase .Theoil is thrown upward as droplets or fine mist and provides adequate lubrication to valve mechanisms , piston pins , cylinder walls ,and piston rings.</p><p>　　In the combination splash and prcssure

5、 fcad lubricating system , an oil pump takes oil from the oil pan and forces it through holes drilled in the engine block and crankshaft.</p><p>　　This oil thereby reaches the various bearings that support r

6、otating shafts and the different moving parts in the engine. It covers the surfaces of the moving parts to prevent metal-to-metal contact and undue wear of the parts.</p><p>　　In this system , cylinder walls

7、 are lubricated by splashing oil thrown off frem the connecting-rod bearings.</p><p>　　The lubricating oil circulating through the engine to all moving parts requiring lubricarion through the engine to all m

8、oving parts requiring lubrication performs other jobs.</p><p>　　Lubricate moving parts to minimize wear.</p><p>　　Lubricate moving parts to minimize power loss from friction.</p><p>

9、;　　Remove heat from engine parts by acting as a cooling agent.</p><p>　　Absorb shocks between bearings and other engine parts , thus reducing engine noise and extending engine life.</p><p>　　For

10、m a good seal between piston rings and cylinder walls.</p><p>　　Act as a cleaning agent , washing the working surfaces free of chemical deposits , dust and to protect them from corrosion.</p><p>

11、;　　A satifactory engine lubricating oil must have certain characteristics . or properties . It must have proper viscosity (body and fluidity) and must resist oxidation , and foaming . Also , it must act as a good cleatni

12、ng agent , must pour at low temperatures , and must have good viscosity at extremes of high and must have good viscosity at extremes of high and low temperature.</p><p>　　Any mineral oil , by itself , does n

13、ot have all there properties . Lubricating-oil manufactures therefore put a number of additives into the oil during the manufacturing process . An oil for severe service may have many additives , as follows:</p>&

14、lt;p>　　usually a viscosity-index improver;</p><p>　　pour-point depressants;</p><p>　　oxidation inhibitors;</p><p>　　corrosion inhibitors;</p><p>　　rust inhibitors;&l

15、t;/p><p>　　foam inhibitors;</p><p>　　detergent-dispersants;</p><p>　　extreme-pressure agents.</p><p>　　English Cooling System</p><p>　　The purpose of the c

16、ooling system is to keep the engine at its most efficient operating temperature at all engine speeds and all driving conditions . </p><p>　　A great deal of heat is produced in the engine by the burning of th

17、e air-fuel mixture. Some of this heat escapes from the engine through the exhaust gases ( the hot gases left after the gasoline is burned ) . But enough remains in the engine to cause serious trouble unless removed by s

18、ome other means . The cooling bybtem take care of this additional heat.</p><p>　　The cooling system is built into the engine . There are hollow spaces around each engine cylinder and combustion chamber . The

19、se hollow spaces are called water jackets , since they are filled with water . When the engine is running , the water takes heat from the engine , becoming hot in the process . A water pump pumps the hot water from the e

20、ngine water jackets into the radiator . The radiator has two sets of passages . One set carries water . The other set carries aie ( pulled thrugh by car m</p><p>　　Two general types of cooling systems are us

21、ed , air cooling and liquid cooling . Most automotive engines now employ liquid cooling . The liquid cooling system consists of water pumps , water jackets , engine fan , radiator and so on . The water pump , driver by a

22、 belt from the engine crankshaft , circulates the cooling liquid between the radiator and engine water jackets . The cooling liquid is water . Antifreeze compounds are added to the water during the winter . The water jac

23、ket are cast into</p><p>　　Battery Generator</p><p>　　The electric system does several jobs . It cranks the engine for starting . It supplies the high –voltage surges that ignite the compresse

24、d air-fuel mixture in the combustion chambers . It includes the battery , generator , starting system , ignition system , lighting system , horn system , radio and other devices . The starting system and the ignition sys

25、tem have been discussed ; the others are discussed in the following pages . </p><p><b>　　Battery</b></p><p>　　The purpose of battery is to supply current for operation of the crankin

26、g motor and the ignition system when the engine is being cranked for starting . It also supplies current for light , radio , and other electrical accessories at times when the generator is not operating fast enough to ha

27、ndle the electrical load . The amount of current the battery can supply is strictly limited by the “capacity” of the battery , which in turn depends on the amount of chemicals it contains . </p><p>　　In maki

28、ng the battery , several similar plates are properly spaced and welded to a strap to form a plate group . Plates of two types are used , one for the positive plate group , the other for the negative plate group . A posit

29、ive plate is nested with a negative plate group , with separators placed between the plates to from an element . Separators are designed to hold the plates apart so that they do not touch , and at the same time they must

30、 be porous enough to sheets , spun glass matted into </p><p>　　The chemical actions that take place are rather complicated and we cannot discuss it here . </p><p>　　The Generator</p><

31、p>　　The generator is a device that converts mechanical energy from the automobile engine into a flow of electric current . The generator replaces in the battery the current used in starting the engine and also supplie

32、s current for operation of electrical devices , such as the ignition system , lights , radio , and so on . The generator is usually mounted on the side of the engine block . It is driven by the engine fan belt .</p>

33、;<p>　　For many years , all automotive generators were direct current (d-c) units . In recent years , alternating –current (a-c) generators , or alternators , as they are also called , have come into widespread us

34、e . Direct current flows in one direction and then in the other . The a-c generator , or alternator , produces alternating current . The battery , ignition system , and other electrical components on the automobile canno

35、t use ac , however , they are all d-c units . The a-c output must therefo</p><p>　　Many charging circuits use an indicator lamp to indicate whether or not the alternator is charging the battery . However ,

36、and ammeter is used on many cars . It provides a better idea to the driver of what is happening in the charging circuit . The ammeter shows in a general way how much current is flowing to the battery during charge , and

37、 how much is flowing from the battery if the alternator is not charging the battery </p><p><b>　　.</b></p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p><b>　　發(fā)動機(jī)潤滑系統(tǒng)</b>

38、;</p><p>　　發(fā)動機(jī)中有大量的運(yùn)動的金屬零件。要保護(hù)這些零件就必須進(jìn)行潤滑，這樣可以避免金屬零件之間的直接接觸。實(shí)際上，在運(yùn)動零件的表面總是覆蓋著一層油膜。</p><p>　　四行程發(fā)動機(jī)使用兩種潤滑系統(tǒng)：飛濺式潤滑和飛濺壓力結(jié)合送油式潤滑。</p><p>　　在飛濺潤滑系統(tǒng)中，油從機(jī)體下部的油盤或油底殼中飛濺上來。飛濺上來的油形成油滴或油霧，使氣門機(jī)

39、構(gòu)、活塞銷、汽缸壁和活塞環(huán)得到充分的潤滑。</p><p>　　在飛濺壓力結(jié)合送油潤滑系統(tǒng)中，油泵從油盤中把油抽上來并壓入發(fā)動機(jī)機(jī)體上和曲軸上的油滴，被輸送到發(fā)動機(jī)的曲軸和各種運(yùn)動零件的每個軸承上。潤滑油在運(yùn)動零件表面，形成油膜，以防金屬零件表面直接接觸，以及零件的過度磨損。</p><p>　　在這一系統(tǒng)中，汽缸壁是由連桿軸承運(yùn)動飛濺起來的油進(jìn)行潤滑的。潤滑油在發(fā)動機(jī)的所有活動部件之間循

40、環(huán)流動，其作用是：</p><p>　　潤滑運(yùn)動零件，減少磨損。</p><p>　　潤滑運(yùn)動零件，減少因摩擦一起的功率損耗。</p><p>　　起冷卻劑作用，帶走發(fā)動機(jī)零件產(chǎn)生的熱量。</p><p>　　吸收軸承和其他發(fā)動機(jī)零件產(chǎn)生的沖擊力，減少發(fā)動機(jī)的噪音，并延長其壽命。</p><p>　　在活塞環(huán)和汽缸壁之

41、間形成良好的密封。</p><p>　　起清潔劑作用，沖洗運(yùn)動零件表面的化學(xué)雜質(zhì)、灰塵和污物，以避免部件受到腐蝕。</p><p>　　理想的發(fā)動機(jī)潤滑油必須具有某些特性：必須具有一定的粘性（粘稠度和流動性），并且必須具有抗氧化、防止碳膜生成、防腐、防銹、抗積壓和防泡沫的作用、潤滑油必須具有良好清潔作用和良好的低溫流動性，以及在高溫和低溫時都具有良好的粘性。</p><

42、p>　　任何礦物油自身都不具備所有這些特性。因此，潤滑油廠家在制造潤滑油的過程中，加入了許多添加劑。高級潤滑油中可能加入以下這些添加劑：</p><p>　　(1)常常加入黏度指數(shù)添加劑；（2）抗凝劑；（3）抗氧化劑；（4）防腐劑；（5）防銹劑；（6）抗泡劑；（7）凈化分散劑；（8）極壓劑。</p><p><b>　　發(fā)動機(jī)冷卻系統(tǒng)</b></p>

43、<p>　　冷卻系統(tǒng)的作用是使發(fā)動機(jī)在各種轉(zhuǎn)速和各種行駛狀態(tài)下都能有效的控制溫度。</p><p>　　混合起的燃燒在發(fā)動機(jī)這產(chǎn)生大量的熱，其中部分熱量通過廢氣被排出。但是，殘留在發(fā)動機(jī)這的預(yù)熱仍足以使發(fā)動機(jī)手到嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞，除非用其他的方法排除這些余熱的。</p><p>　　冷卻系統(tǒng)就設(shè)置在發(fā)動機(jī)中。在每個汽缸體和燃燒室周圍都留有空腔。這些空腔裝滿水，因此稱之為水套。在發(fā)動機(jī)

44、運(yùn)行中水被加熱，并以水循環(huán)方式把熱量從發(fā)動機(jī)中帶走。水泵從發(fā)動機(jī)水套中把熱水抽到散熱器中。散熱器有兩條通道：一條是水道，另一條是氣道 空氣是通過汽車行駛和發(fā)動機(jī)的風(fēng)扇抽入的 。當(dāng)熱水流過水道時，氣道中流通的空氣使熱水冷卻。冷卻后的水又重新進(jìn)入發(fā)動機(jī)，再把發(fā)動機(jī)中的熱量傳導(dǎo)出去。在這一過程中，水不斷的在發(fā)動機(jī)與散熱器之間循環(huán)，水?dāng)y帶著熱量從發(fā)動機(jī)流到散熱器再散發(fā)出去。通過這個方法可避免發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高。</p><p&g

45、t;　　通常使用的冷卻系統(tǒng)有兩種形式：空氣冷卻系和液體冷卻系。現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)汽車發(fā)動機(jī)都采用液體冷卻系。液體冷卻系由水泵、水套、發(fā)動機(jī)風(fēng)扇、散熱器等組成。水泵由發(fā)動機(jī)曲軸上的皮帶驅(qū)動，使冷卻液在散熱器與發(fā)動機(jī)水套之間循環(huán)流動。冷卻液是水。冬季在水中須加入防凍劑。水套被鑄入汽缸體和汽缸蓋內(nèi)部。發(fā)動機(jī)風(fēng)扇通常安裝在水泵軸上，由驅(qū)動水泵和發(fā)電機(jī)的同一條皮帶驅(qū)動。風(fēng)扇的作用是向散熱器提供強(qiáng)大的空氣流，與大量空氣密切接觸的散熱器內(nèi)可以容納大量的水，這

46、樣熱量可以通過水散發(fā)到空氣中。散熱器芯為分離和間隔交錯的兩部分。冷卻水在其中一部分流過，空氣在另一部分中通過。</p><p><b>　　蓄電池 發(fā)電機(jī)</b></p><p>　　電氣系統(tǒng)有幾項(xiàng)作用：啟動發(fā)電機(jī)；提供高壓電脈沖點(diǎn)燃燃燒室中空氣和燃油的高壓混合氣，電氣系統(tǒng)包括電池、發(fā)電機(jī)、啟動系統(tǒng)、點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)、照明系統(tǒng)、喇叭，收音機(jī)以及其他裝置。</p>

47、;<p><b>　　蓄電池</b></p><p>　　蓄電池的作用是當(dāng)發(fā)動機(jī)正在啟動時，為啟動電機(jī)和點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)提供電流。同時在發(fā)電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速尚未達(dá)到可以提供足夠的負(fù)荷時，蓄電池也向電燈、收音機(jī)和其他用電設(shè)備提供電流。電池所能提供的電流受限于電池的容量，同時，電池的容量又取決于電池中所含的化合物質(zhì)的含量。</p><p>　　在制造蓄電池時，幾塊相似的極板

48、以適合的間隔焊在一起成極板組。極板組分為兩種，陽極板組和陰極班組。一塊陽極板組被一組陰極板組所包圍，隔板放在兩組極板之間形成單元。隔板用來把極板隔開，以防止各極板之間相互接觸，但同時隔板又具有多孔性，使電解液能夠在各極板間流動。隔板材料可以是木片、玻璃纖維片或聚乙烯化合物等。電解液大約40%的硫酸和大約60%的水構(gòu)成的。當(dāng)硫酸放入極板組之間，就會發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)，把一塊極板中所含的電子聚結(jié)到另一極板。蓄電池中所發(fā)生的化學(xué)反應(yīng)相當(dāng)復(fù)雜，就不在

49、這里討論了。</p><p><b>　　發(fā)電機(jī)</b></p><p>　　發(fā)電機(jī)是把發(fā)動機(jī)產(chǎn)生的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能的裝置。發(fā)電機(jī)給蓄電池充電，也為啟動電機(jī)以及其他的電機(jī)設(shè)備提供電源，例如；向點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)，車燈、收音機(jī)等提供電源，發(fā)電機(jī)通常裝在發(fā)動機(jī)機(jī)體的一側(cè)，由發(fā)動機(jī)風(fēng)扇皮帶來驅(qū)動。</p><p>　　多年來所有的汽車發(fā)電機(jī)都是直流發(fā)電機(jī)。近幾

50、年，交流發(fā)電機(jī)已得到廣泛的使用。直流電流僅向一個方向流動，而交流電流則先向一個方向流動，繼而又向另一個方向流動。交流發(fā)電機(jī)產(chǎn)生交流電，然而蓄電池、點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)和其他汽車電氣裝置使用的是直流電而不是交流電，所以交流電必須整流為直流電。</p><p>　　許多充電電路用一指示燈來顯示發(fā)電機(jī)是否在給蓄電池供電。也有許多汽車使用電流表，電流表能夠使駕駛員更加了解充電電路中所發(fā)生的情況。電流表一般可顯示充電過程中充入蓄電池被