養(yǎng)老外文翻譯--評(píng)估阿爾巴尼亞老年人的需求

1、<p>　　1600單詞，9000英文字符,2600漢字 </p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）</p><p><b>　　文獻(xiàn)翻譯</b></p><p>　　題 目： </p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名：

2、 </p><p>　　專業(yè)班級(jí)： </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： </p><p>　　院 （系）: </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師(職稱):

3、 （講師） </p><p>　　完成時(shí)間: </p><p>　　Assessing the needs of older people in Albania</p><p>　　Background</p><p>　　According to the in

4、formation provided by the National Institute of Statistics (INSTAT), the proportion of the population over 65 years of age in Albania has reached 12%in 2010.Furthermore, projections suggest that the proportion of older p

5、eople in Albania will double over the next 35 years. Coupled with falling birth rates and increasing life expectancy, this will eventually lead to a substantial reduction of the economically active proportion of the popu

6、lation. At the same time, high levels of </p><p>　　Demographic trends mixed with a society in economic and political transition raise concerns about increasing needs for care and social inclusion of older pe

7、ople in Albania. Moreover, there is a low level of preparation of the Albanian society to cope with chronic diseases and long-term care. Complex policies and actions should be considered by a number of stake holders, inc

8、luding government and civic society in Albania.</p><p>　　Aim and Objectives of the research work</p><p>　　The aim of the current study was to obtain relevant information in order to respond to n

9、eeds of older people as they see them. Specific objectives of the research work were as follows:</p><p>　　To assess the quality of social services and health care services for elderly people from their persp

10、ective.</p><p>　　To assess the difficulties and potential barriers of elderly people to access social services and health care services in Albania.</p><p>　　To understand the determinants and t

11、he link between formal care, informal care and social services for elderly people in Albania.</p><p>　　To assess and identify the appropriate strategies for involving older persons in taking decisions self

12、empowerment.</p><p>　　Methodology</p><p>　　Participatory research: the approach of this study consisted of a close collaboration with and direct involvement of older people in all activities of

13、the research work. This approach has the potential to address the needs of older persons as felt by the older persons themselves, in their own environment and during a long period of time. Qualitative research methodolog

14、y was employed consisting of focus groups and in-depth inter views, as described below:</p><p>　　Focus group discussions were conducted in all prefectures of Albania involving old people aged 65+ years (ther

15、e are 12 major administrative units in Albania referred to as prefectures).Overall, 12 focus groups were conducted one in each prefecture of Albania. The overall number of participants in the focus groups was 107 (on ave

16、rage, there were 9 participants in each focus group).Detailed notes were taken from all focus group discussions for later analysis. It must be emphasized that all notes f</p><p>　　discussions were typed in a

17、n anonymous manner (i.e. all identifying information including participants names was removed).Immediately after each focus group discussion, the facilitator and note taker met with each-other in order to review the main

18、 themes of the</p><p>　　discussion. The main patterns of responses were subsequently summarized. Responses from the discussions were analyzed by arranging the min the general categories identified in the int

19、er view guide. After arrangement of responses, the different positions or opinions were identified.</p><p>　　The experts performing the qualitative data analysis summarized the various opinions, assessed the

20、 degree of consensus or differences expressed by the groups and synthesized the themes or patterns that emerged from the information collected in the focus-groups.</p><p>　　In-depth interviews were also cond

21、ucted with key informants working in senior leadership positions at local government and/or district social insurance institutes (which are branches of the Albanian Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare).The aim of in-dep

22、th inter views was to obtain additional and valuable information related to elderly peoples social and health needs, barriers to access services, and level of decision making and social participation in the Albanian soci

23、ety.</p><p>　　Focus groups with old people</p><p>　　The main themes that emerged from focus-group discussions with old people are summarized below:</p><p>　　Socioeconomic situation

24、of old people: </p><p>　　According to participants in the focus groups, the elderly people in Albania face many financial challenges and socioeconomic problems which are worsened by the rapid transition from

25、 a centralized system towards a market-oriented economy which is associated with serious difficulties for this vulnerable segment of the population. Old people feel even more frustrated from the fact that both the local

26、and central institutions (such as e.g. the National Institute of Statistics) claim that elderly pe</p><p>　　Elderly people expressed similar concerns, problems and distress related to their poor socioeconomi

27、c conditions. The lack of money even for simple survival was one of the key complaints in almost all of the focus group discussions. Thus, old people reported that after they pay the bills for electricity and running wat

28、er, they are left with insufficient money for food and essential medications which they need for treatment of several chronic conditions such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular </p><p>　　Health status of

29、 old people: </p><p>　　Similar concerns were expressed by elderly people with regard to the health status and health care services. Elderly people residing in urban areas have a better access to health care

30、services, whereas those living in rural areas face serious difficulties to access health services. The lack of afford ability of medications is a serious concern expressed by almost all elderly persons. Thus, the vast ma

31、jority of elderly people have no money to buy the prescribed drugs. Those who can afford have ne</p><p>　　Self-perceived image and social position of old people:</p><p>　　According to perception

32、s of old people, historically, the elderly have been respected and well-recognized in the Albanian society. They have been appreciated for their authoritative work, wisdom, dignity and experience accumulated during their

33、 lifetime. However, according to old peoples feelings and perceptions from focus group discussions, this is not the case in the new system (alias the transitional period from the former communist regime into a market-ori

34、ented system)where old people feel th</p><p>　　Thus, regarding social contacts and social networks, elderly people tended to express family and community negligence. The lack of sufficient respect is the mos

35、t frustrating issue according to the perceptions and feelings of elderly people. Most of the elderly people reported that they hardly get any chances to actively contribute and to be included</p><p>　　in dif

36、ferent community activities and programs. Elderly people feel that their voice is totally neglected and nobody cares about their opinion. In conclusion, it was felt during the focus groups discussions that elderly people

37、 in Albania have no effective means of social participation.</p><p>　　Violence and abuse against old people: </p><p>　　According to old people in Albania, there is a lot of psychological abuse a

38、nd even physical violence that they currently suffer. Nevertheless, in the context of the Albanian society it is difficult to identify and address the issues related to abuse and violence against elderly. This is mainly

39、due to the old traditions and mentality according to which such problems related to violence and abuse should be confined within household boundaries. </p><p>　　Yet, several old people stated that they are a

40、ware of some key findings and reports from different surveys, according to which it was shown that the violence against old people in Albania is not trivial. Thus, in a focus group it was mentioned that prior reports in

41、Albania had demonstrated that daughters in law were responsible for 25.5% of cases of elderly abuse, son in law were responsible for 18.8%, own children were responsible for 12.5% of the cases, nephews and nieces for 17.

42、4% of the case</p><p>　　評(píng)估阿爾巴尼亞老年人的需求 </p><p><b>　　一 、背景</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)國(guó)家研究所提供的資料統(tǒng)計(jì)（INSTAT），在2010年阿爾巴尼65歲以上的人口比例已經(jīng)達(dá)到12％，預(yù)測(cè)表明，在阿爾巴尼亞的老年人的比例將增加一倍，在未來(lái)35年,加上出生率下降和預(yù)期壽命延長(zhǎng)，這將

43、最終導(dǎo)致了經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的中人口比重的大幅減少。同時(shí)，嚴(yán)重的慢性疾病，經(jīng)濟(jì)貧困和缺乏的社會(huì)機(jī)會(huì)，成為阿爾巴尼亞的巨大負(fù)擔(dān)，大多數(shù)老人都無(wú)法享受到社會(huì)提供的的良好生存保障，而不是像其他許多歐洲國(guó)家那樣。因此，一個(gè)阿爾巴尼亞，它剝奪了社會(huì)的許多貢獻(xiàn)，它可能從老年公民那獲得經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 </p><p>　　阿爾巴尼亞的經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治混亂，在社會(huì)的人口發(fā)展趨勢(shì)下，有關(guān)老年人的保健和社會(huì)包容性的需求日益增加，引起社會(huì)的關(guān)注。

44、此外，阿爾巴尼亞社會(huì)應(yīng)對(duì)慢性疾病和長(zhǎng)期護(hù)理，準(zhǔn)備水平還很低。復(fù)雜的政策和行動(dòng)涉及到很多利益相關(guān)者，包括阿爾巴尼亞政府和公民社會(huì)。</p><p>　　二、研究工作的目的和目標(biāo)</p><p>　　當(dāng)前研究的目的是為了獲得相關(guān)信息，以應(yīng)對(duì)老年人的需求，研究工作的具體目標(biāo)如下： 社會(huì)服務(wù)和醫(yī)療保健服務(wù)的質(zhì)量評(píng)估，從他們的角度來(lái)看老人。 評(píng)估老人的困難和潛在障礙，訪問(wèn)社會(huì)服務(wù)和醫(yī)療保

45、健服務(wù)。</p><p>　　理解的決定和正式照顧之間的聯(lián)系，對(duì)老年人非正式的保健和社會(huì)服務(wù)。評(píng)估和確定適當(dāng)?shù)牟呗裕詻Q定自我權(quán)力來(lái)涉及老年人。</p><p><b>　　三、研究的方法論</b></p><p>　　本研究的方法包括一個(gè)關(guān)閉所有活動(dòng)中的合作和直接參與老年人的研究工作。這種做法有可能解決老年人的需求，由老年人自己覺(jué)得，在自己

46、的環(huán)境，并在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)。定性研究方法，重點(diǎn)團(tuán)體的意見(jiàn)，如下所述： 在阿爾巴尼亞的都道府縣進(jìn)行了焦點(diǎn)小組討論涉及年齡在65歲以上的老人（有12個(gè)主要行政在阿爾巴尼亞的單位簡(jiǎn)稱為縣）。總體而言，12個(gè)焦點(diǎn)小組進(jìn)行，每個(gè)縣之一阿爾巴尼亞。在焦點(diǎn)團(tuán)體的參與者總?cè)藬?shù)107（平均每個(gè)焦點(diǎn)小組的參與者有9）。詳細(xì)說(shuō)明所有焦點(diǎn)小組討論，以供日后分析。必須強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，從焦點(diǎn)小組的所有音符討論了在一個(gè)匿名的方式輸入（即全部確定信息，包括參與者的

47、名字被刪除）。每個(gè)重點(diǎn)小組討論，主持人，并注意后立即接受者會(huì)見(jiàn)了以審查的主要議題與每個(gè)其他討論。隨后總結(jié)反應(yīng)的主要模式。從討論的答復(fù)進(jìn)行了分析，安排審核無(wú)誤在間認(rèn)為的確定的一般??類別的反應(yīng)，不同的立場(chǎng)或意見(jiàn)的安排確定。進(jìn)行定性數(shù)據(jù)分析,總結(jié)了各方面的意見(jiàn)，評(píng)估程度的共識(shí)，或表達(dá)的差異組和合成的主題或圖案，出現(xiàn)其外信息收集的重點(diǎn)群體。還進(jìn)行了深入訪談與關(guān)鍵線人工作在當(dāng)?shù)卣?或地區(qū)的高級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)（這是阿爾巴尼亞部的分支&l

48、t;/p><p><b>　　四、老人集中小組：</b></p><p>　　從老人們的小組討論中出現(xiàn)的主要議題是總結(jié)如下：1、老人們的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況： 根據(jù)小組的參與者，在阿爾巴尼亞的老人面臨著許多金融挑戰(zhàn)和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題惡化從一個(gè)集中的系統(tǒng)的快速過(guò)渡，走向以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向的經(jīng)濟(jì)，這是人口這一弱勢(shì)群體的嚴(yán)重困難。老人們感到更加沮喪的事實(shí)，地方和中央機(jī)構(gòu)（如如國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局）

49、聲稱，老人是最弱勢(shì)群體的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)人口的年齡組（根據(jù)這些機(jī)構(gòu)，小的孩子是最弱勢(shì)的人口群），這為機(jī)構(gòu)，機(jī)構(gòu)，民間社會(huì)和非政府團(tuán)體在阿爾巴尼亞的老人進(jìn)行的工作帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重困難。 老人表達(dá)了類似的關(guān)切，問(wèn)題和有關(guān)他們的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件差的困擾。甚至一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的幾乎所有的焦點(diǎn)小組討論很缺錢。因此，老人，電力和自來(lái)水后，他們支付的票據(jù)，他們沒(méi)有足夠的錢留給他們需要治療一些慢性疾病，如血壓高，心血管疾病，糖尿病，腸胃問(wèn)題的食品和基本藥物它們目前遭受的許多