信息技術(shù)與圖書館外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　淮 陰 工 學(xué) 院</b></p><p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　注：請(qǐng)將該封面與附件裝訂成冊(cè)。</p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p><b>　　信息技術(shù)與圖書館：</b></p><p>

2、;　　為殘疾人圖書館網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>　　摘要：近五分之一的美國(guó)人有某種形式的殘疾，對(duì)他們來說，適應(yīng)圖書館的指導(dǎo)方針和達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是復(fù)雜、不清楚、難以實(shí)現(xiàn)，所以了解殘疾人如何訪問網(wǎng)頁的內(nèi)容是無障礙設(shè)計(jì)中至關(guān)重要的。最近的研究表明使用一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫可以驅(qū)動(dòng)新型圖書館網(wǎng)站的發(fā)展?，F(xiàn)有技術(shù)所提供的各種工具滿足了殘疾顧客的需要，這些顧客主動(dòng)為輔助技術(shù)的改進(jìn)更新和調(diào)整,館員提供技術(shù)支持。</p><p

3、>　　由于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是不斷變化極快，很難建立最先進(jìn)的網(wǎng)站。</p><p>　　本文網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)估充滿挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)樗婕暗綒埣踩?，探討?dāng)前的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，研究人口是至關(guān)重要的，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)美國(guó)人口調(diào)查局，美國(guó)公眾包括約51200000個(gè)非制度化的人生活的殘疾人，其中32500000個(gè)是嚴(yán)重殘疾。這意味著，近五分之一的美國(guó)公眾面臨的一些物理，心理，感覺，或其他功能性障礙。因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)圖書館的任務(wù)是使其資源提供給大家的，重要

4、的是參加的面臨的特殊挑戰(zhàn)士惠顧和提供適當(dāng)?shù)姆?wù)，這些特殊需要記住的。</p><p><b>　　網(wǎng)頁制作準(zhǔn)則:</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)相關(guān)準(zhǔn)則“基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的企業(yè)內(nèi)部網(wǎng)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息和應(yīng)用，“這是直接為我們的設(shè)計(jì)提供了準(zhǔn)則。以下是詳細(xì)審查這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的例子來幫助理解和實(shí)施：</p><p>　?。ㄒ唬┑韧谋镜奈谋緫?yīng)提供每一元素。輔助技術(shù)還不

5、能說明什么照片與其他圖像看起來像；他們需要有意義的文本信息。如果圖像指示用戶做某事，相關(guān)的文字必須解釋的目的和意義。這樣，一個(gè)人不能看屏幕，可以成功地了解和瀏覽網(wǎng)頁。</p><p>　?。ǘ┑刃娲魏味嗝襟w演示將同步與介紹。這意味著，字幕的視頻必須實(shí)時(shí)、同步。</p><p>　?。ㄈ╉摰脑O(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)使所有通過顏色傳達(dá)的信息也沒有顏色，例如從上下文或標(biāo)記。而顏色可以使用，它不能是唯一的來

6、源或指標(biāo)信息。想象一個(gè)教育網(wǎng)站提供故事的問題中提出的黑色和綠色打印，和問題的答案可以破譯只使用綠色字母。這將是無法給學(xué)生一定的形式?jīng)]有種族偏見，以及那些誰使用screen-reader軟件。</p><p>　?。ㄋ模┪募M織方式應(yīng)使其可讀性無需關(guān)聯(lián)的樣式表。采用層疊樣式表（樣式）可以改善無障礙環(huán)境因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)试S分離的表現(xiàn)內(nèi)容。然而，并不是所有的瀏覽器完全支持，所以網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計(jì)的需要，因此任何瀏覽器可以準(zhǔn)確。內(nèi)容需要組

7、織，因此它可以閱讀和理解的格式關(guān)閉。</p><p>　?。ㄎ澹┒嘤嗟奈谋炬溄訉⑻峁┟總€(gè)活動(dòng)區(qū)的一個(gè)服務(wù)器端圖像地圖。</p><p>　　（六）應(yīng)該提供客戶端圖像映射而不是服務(wù)器端圖像映射，除非區(qū)域不能使用可用的幾何圖形來定義。圖像映射可以被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)幾何定義和設(shè)置組的其他內(nèi)容的鏈接的網(wǎng)站上。點(diǎn)擊地圖上的美國(guó)五十個(gè)州的一個(gè)例子是功能影像地圖。服務(wù)器端圖像地圖會(huì)出現(xiàn)屏幕閱讀器只能作為一個(gè)坐

8、標(biāo)，而client side地圖可以包括信息的鏈接通過“變身”文本。最好的做法是只使用客戶端圖像地圖和確?！白兩怼钡奈淖置枋鍪怯幸饬x的。</p><p>　?。ㄆ撸┑男泻土袠?biāo)題應(yīng)為數(shù)據(jù)表標(biāo)識(shí)。</p><p>　?。ò耍?yīng)當(dāng)使用標(biāo)記關(guān)聯(lián)數(shù)據(jù)單元格和標(biāo)題單元格數(shù)據(jù)表中有2個(gè)或多個(gè)邏輯層次的行或列標(biāo)題，編碼是至關(guān)重要的正確的表，框架是一個(gè)廢棄的特征，其使用應(yīng)避免有利于布局。</p>

9、<p>　?。ㄊ╉摰脑O(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)避免使屏幕閃爍頻率大于2赫茲和低于55赫茲。燈閃爍率在此范圍內(nèi)可誘發(fā)癲癇發(fā)作。閃爍或閃爍的內(nèi)容網(wǎng)頁上應(yīng)避免到瀏覽器有能力提供用戶控制閃爍。</p><p>　?。ㄊ唬┘兾淖志W(wǎng)頁，等效應(yīng)提供信息或功能，使網(wǎng)站遵守規(guī)定，這一部分，當(dāng)遵守?zé)o法實(shí)現(xiàn)任何其他方式。純文字網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容應(yīng)隨時(shí)更新主網(wǎng)頁。復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容，完全是視覺性質(zhì)可能需要一個(gè)單獨(dú)的純文字網(wǎng)頁，如頁面顯示的英文字母在美國(guó)手語

10、。這一要求，也可作為應(yīng)急措施，對(duì)現(xiàn)有的網(wǎng)站需要重新獲得。最后，一個(gè)純文本版本增加工作量的網(wǎng)絡(luò)開發(fā)人員，使他們更昂貴的建立一個(gè)單一的，完全可訪問的網(wǎng)站在首位。</p><p>　?。ㄊ┊?dāng)頁面使用腳本語言來顯示內(nèi)容，或者創(chuàng)建界面元素，由腳本提供的信息應(yīng)確定可以讀取輔助技術(shù)的文本。腳本語言腳本允許更多的互動(dòng)頁面上的內(nèi)容的同時(shí)減少了多次的計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕需要刷新。如果功能文本不可用，屏幕閱讀器試圖讀取腳本的代碼，輸出為一個(gè)

11、無意義的混亂的字符。使用多余的文字鏈接，避免這一結(jié)果。</p><p>　?。ㄊ┮粋€(gè)網(wǎng)頁時(shí)，需要一個(gè)小程序，插件，或其他應(yīng)用程序在客戶端系統(tǒng)解釋網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容，網(wǎng)頁必須提供一個(gè)鏈接到一個(gè)插件或小程序。網(wǎng)頁開發(fā)人員需要確定是否一個(gè)特定的插件或小程序訪問之前需要他們的網(wǎng)頁的訪問者使用它。當(dāng)使用的應(yīng)用，如Quick Time或軟體，重要的是提供了一個(gè)方便的鏈接在同一頁上，將允許用戶需要安裝插件。</p>&

12、lt;p>　?。ㄊ模┊?dāng)電子表單設(shè)計(jì)完成在線的形式，將允許人們使用輔助技術(shù)來獲取信息，領(lǐng)域的元素，以及所需要的功能，完成并提交表單，包括所有的說明和提示。如果腳本用于完成形式無法替代的方法，完成表格必須立即可用。</p><p>　?。ㄊ澹┍仨毺峁┓椒?，以允許用戶跳過重復(fù)的導(dǎo)航鏈接。使用屏幕閱讀器軟件通常瀏覽網(wǎng)頁使用標(biāo)簽的關(guān)鍵，聽作為課文朗讀。網(wǎng)站通常的標(biāo)志在每一頁的頂部，使這個(gè)圖形鏈接到該網(wǎng)站的主頁。許

13、多網(wǎng)站也使用線圖形圖像下方這標(biāo)志的每一頁作為一個(gè)導(dǎo)航欄。避免聽這一名單通過鏈接的每個(gè)網(wǎng)頁上剛剛獲得的網(wǎng)頁的內(nèi)容，“相關(guān)內(nèi)容”鏈接作為第一選擇在每一頁的頂部提供了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的解決這個(gè)問題。</p><p><b>　　標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定組織的工作</b></p><p>　　一個(gè)組織，旨在推動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)超越了基本的508部分是無障礙網(wǎng)頁倡議（圍）的萬維網(wǎng)聯(lián)盟（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）。使命的圍是發(fā)展

14、</p><p>　　*準(zhǔn)則被廣泛視為國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的網(wǎng)頁易讀性；</p><p>　　*支持材料幫助理解和實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)無障礙；</p><p>　　*資源通過國(guó)際collaboration.10</p><p>　　該組織公布了第一個(gè)網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容可訪問性指南（網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容可訪問性1）可在1999網(wǎng)上內(nèi)容訪問密碼。由以下這些指導(dǎo)方針，開發(fā)人員創(chuàng)建的網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容，隨

15、時(shí)提供給每個(gè)用戶不論這樣的訪問。圍提供十個(gè)快速秘訣改善無障礙網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)：</p><p>　　*圖像和動(dòng)畫。使用“備選”屬性描述每個(gè)功能視覺。</p><p>　　*圖像地圖。使用客戶端的地圖和文字熱點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　*多媒體。提供字幕和記錄的音頻，視頻和描述。</p><p>　　*超文本。使用文本有意義當(dāng)讀出的背景。例如，避免“點(diǎn)擊

16、這里”。</p><p>　　*頁面組織。使用標(biāo)題，列出，并一致結(jié)構(gòu)。使用在可能的布局和風(fēng)格。</p><p>　　*圖形和圖表?？偨Y(jié)或使用屬性。</p><p>　　*腳本，程序，和插件。提供其他內(nèi)容的情況下積極的特點(diǎn)是無法或不支持。</p><p>　　*框架，使用“無框架”元素和有意義的標(biāo)題。</p><p>　

17、　*表，進(jìn)行逐行閱讀感知</p><p>　　*提供文字選擇非文本內(nèi)容。</p><p>　　*提供字幕和替代品的多媒體。</p><p>　　*使信息的適應(yīng)性和可用的輔助技術(shù)。</p><p>　　*使用足夠的對(duì)比使事情容易看到和聽到。</p><p><b>　　可操作的</b></p&

18、gt;<p>　　*所有功能，可通過鍵盤。</p><p>　　*用戶給予足夠的時(shí)間閱讀和使用的內(nèi)容。</p><p>　　*不要使用內(nèi)容已知會(huì)導(dǎo)致癲癇。</p><p>　　*幫助用戶瀏覽和查找內(nèi)容。</p><p><b>　　可以理解的</b></p><p>　　*文本的可讀

19、性和理解。</p><p>　　*作的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)，在可預(yù)見的方式。</p><p>　　*幫助用戶避免和改正錯(cuò)誤。</p><p><b>　　建議</b></p><p>　　圖書館今天一般提供三種類型的網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源：（1）接入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，（2）訪問訂閱數(shù)據(jù)庫，（3）一個(gè)圖書館的網(wǎng)頁，所有這些都需要訪問密碼。圖書館要遵守508條

20、要求“提供輔助器材和服務(wù)時(shí)，必須確保有效的溝通。”有一些可供選擇的圖書館的緊縮預(yù)算。第一組包括內(nèi)置到每個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)的操作系統(tǒng)和軟件。一些用戶的視覺障礙，擴(kuò)大文字的字體大小和屏幕上的圖像將使電子內(nèi)容更容易。兩個(gè)蘋果和系統(tǒng)軟件的通用接入能力建設(shè)，包括閱讀能力的文字，是在屏幕上使用合成語音。陸委會(huì)朗讀工具稱為語音；窗戶朗讀工具是所謂的敘述者。這兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)允許屏幕放大。探索和學(xué)習(xí)這些系統(tǒng)的能力，提高無障礙是一個(gè)自由和簡(jiǎn)單的第一步，任何圖書館的技術(shù)產(chǎn)品

21、，不管資金限制。</p><p>　　圖書館更實(shí)質(zhì)性的技術(shù)預(yù)算有多種硬件和軟件的選擇選擇從滿足需要密碼。顧客視覺障礙，一些軟件包可閱讀內(nèi)容的網(wǎng)站或其他電子文檔使用合成語音。自由科學(xué)windoweyes于毛重微兩家最著名的軟件包，并包括能夠輸出1點(diǎn)字顯示器（這兩家公司也銷售）。庫茲韋爾3000是一個(gè)面向軟件包，不僅讀取屏幕文本朗讀，但有豐富的額外的工具來幫助學(xué)習(xí)有困難的學(xué)生，如多動(dòng)癥或閱讀障礙。它的目的是整合任何教

22、育方案以及幫助學(xué)生的主要語言不是英語。低視力者需要屏幕放大超越功能窗口提供可看魔術(shù)自由科學(xué)或zoom text我方。其中的一些軟件公司提供的免費(fèi)試用版本，有在線演示，或兩者。因?yàn)閮r(jià)格為相關(guān)的軟件和設(shè)備可以很高，先檢查與顧客視覺障礙和專業(yè)領(lǐng)域您的購(gòu)買決策之前是審慎的。</p><p>　　訂閱數(shù)據(jù)庫可以訪問密碼的顯示搜索結(jié)果和相應(yīng)的信息。三個(gè)最常見的形式的結(jié)果是網(wǎng)頁文本，網(wǎng)頁文本與圖形，和文件。文件是無法使用屏幕閱

23、讀器。而公司方面取得了重大進(jìn)展，在渲染PDF文件訪問，許多數(shù)據(jù)庫包含許多文件中創(chuàng)建版本的Ado beAcrobat5以前的版本（在2001），這是不正確的標(biāo)記為屏幕閱讀器。更新的文件只可作為標(biāo)記允許。雜志的文章收到出版商可能或可能不正確的標(biāo)記，所以數(shù)據(jù)庫公司不能保證其內(nèi)容是完全可以的。一個(gè)供應(yīng)商，是避免這個(gè)陷阱是指引。利用光學(xué)字符識(shí)別（光學(xué)字符識(shí)別）軟件，JS TOR提供圖像嵌入文本文件的內(nèi)容提供給屏幕readers.19員必須堅(jiān)持，封

24、裝數(shù)據(jù)庫訪問和與之配套的形式的輔助技術(shù)最常使用的顧客，內(nèi)部和網(wǎng)上。</p><p>　　一個(gè)工具，用于評(píng)估數(shù)據(jù)庫（或其他產(chǎn)品）無障礙是自愿性產(chǎn)品獲取模板（vpat）。建立在伙伴之間的信息技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)（種植）理事會(huì)和美國(guó)總務(wù)管理局（總代理）2001，它提供了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的工具，協(xié)助聯(lián)邦合同和采購(gòu)官員在履行新的市場(chǎng)研究的要求包含在508節(jié)的實(shí)施條例?！?0vpat是自愿披露形式排列一系列的表列出了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的有關(guān)第50

25、8節(jié)討論以前。空白單元格提供允許公司的代表說明其產(chǎn)品的配套功能，符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和提供更多的詳細(xì)信息。圖書館人員可以要求供應(yīng)商填寫此表格文件，第508節(jié)他們的產(chǎn)品滿足，以及如何。是最有用的形式，需要完成由公司的代表都清楚地了解508和其技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)和深入了解他們的產(chǎn)品。知識(shí)庫，鼓勵(lì)員工以驗(yàn)證質(zhì)量和準(zhǔn)確性的信息提供購(gòu)買前。</p><p>　　如數(shù)據(jù)庫，圖書館的網(wǎng)站需要獲得顧客的各種需要。根據(jù)卡斯特城堡，訪問的網(wǎng)站是百分之35

26、人更容易使用，更容易被發(fā)現(xiàn)的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)搜索engines.21完全訪問的網(wǎng)站是簡(jiǎn)單的維護(hù)和平均小于百分之五十，這意味著他們下載更快，使他們更容易u(yù)se.22建立一個(gè)基本的網(wǎng)站，目前最好的做法是呈現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容在網(wǎng)頁或的設(shè)計(jì)布局使用CSS。這樣，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)該網(wǎng)站的網(wǎng)頁是不完全的訪問，一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的改變需要更新所有網(wǎng)頁，節(jié)省時(shí)間和精力的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)經(jīng)理。最后，創(chuàng)建一個(gè)訪問的網(wǎng)站從開始大大更容易比改造舊。</p><p>　　一個(gè)完整的重建一

27、個(gè)圖書館網(wǎng)站是一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，改善無障礙環(huán)境。雷諾茲的文章創(chuàng)建一個(gè)以用戶為中心的網(wǎng)站為約翰遜縣（州圖書館。）提供了一個(gè)例子，如何圖書館可以申請(qǐng)基本信息體系結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)原理上的預(yù)算。約翰遜縣集中在簡(jiǎn)單的，低成本的可用性研究涉及顧客在選擇站點(diǎn)導(dǎo)航類，設(shè)計(jì)布局，并測(cè)試所產(chǎn)生的用戶界面。讓普通用戶在這個(gè)過程中，這個(gè)庫能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)大幅度改善網(wǎng)站的可用性。之前，重新設(shè)計(jì)，可用性測(cè)試確定，百分之四十二的用戶是不成功的找到信息的圖書館的舊網(wǎng)站。經(jīng)過重新設(shè)計(jì)，“只有

28、4%的顧客是沒有找到core-task信息上的第一次嘗試?！奔幢闳绱耍焖贉y(cè)試的網(wǎng)站與網(wǎng)絡(luò)可達(dá)性評(píng)價(jià)工具表明，它仍然不完全符合508節(jié)的要求。有圖書館的工作人員包括密碼的過程中，表現(xiàn)出改善的程度可能會(huì)讓他們達(dá)到并可能超過這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p>　　了解殘疾人網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境，可以幫助我們走向改善無障礙環(huán)境。最近的一項(xiàng)研究在英國(guó)追蹤眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)健的計(jì)算機(jī)用戶都在努力回答這些問題。研究人員要求十八人正?；虺C正視力尋找答案版

29、本的英國(guó)廣播公司網(wǎng)站的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圖形網(wǎng)頁和純文本版本。受試者的眼睛往往飛鏢圍繞標(biāo)準(zhǔn)頁”作為他們?cè)噲D找到出現(xiàn)視力是下一個(gè)最可能的位置答案。但在尋找純文字網(wǎng)頁，科目去行，較小的跳躍在每一頁。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，網(wǎng)頁布局作為一種形式的外部存儲(chǔ)器，提供視覺線索的結(jié)構(gòu)，其內(nèi)容和如何駕馭它。如果互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是一個(gè)信息高速公路，那么一個(gè)布局標(biāo)準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)頁作為邊界和方向標(biāo)志瀏覽。</p><p>　　在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上尋找信息是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程，需要“交換的能力，

30、并協(xié)調(diào)多個(gè)信息尋求戰(zhàn)略”等瀏覽，查詢的搜索，掃描，并on.25如果網(wǎng)頁瀏覽器可以轉(zhuǎn)化成音頻格式和介紹針對(duì)視障人士的要求，利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)將是一個(gè)更令人滿意經(jīng)驗(yàn)的用戶。然而，這樣的網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程需要更多的研究和發(fā)展年。同時(shí)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理員必須努力建立網(wǎng)站，是干凈的，分層，和所有可用的人遵循的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和準(zhǔn)則目前可用。</p><p>　　一種方式來提高無障礙網(wǎng)站是按照一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫驅(qū)動(dòng)的網(wǎng)站開發(fā)模型。除了使用鄧?yán)战ㄗh，內(nèi)容存儲(chǔ)在一個(gè)關(guān)系數(shù)

31、據(jù)庫，如與一個(gè)編碼語言，如用于創(chuàng)建動(dòng)態(tài)網(wǎng)頁。首先，它可以創(chuàng)造“一個(gè)靈活的網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格生活在一個(gè)單一的，易于修改文件控制介紹每個(gè)網(wǎng)頁的網(wǎng)站。它需要更少的時(shí)間維護(hù)，使工作人員花時(shí)間確?？赏瑫r(shí)容納變化的網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)。這種模式可以由數(shù)據(jù)庫供應(yīng)商確保其服務(wù)無縫集成與圖書館的在線內(nèi)容。</p><p><b>　　總結(jié)</b></p><p>　　館員負(fù)責(zé)網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)管理工作在一個(gè)

32、不斷變化的環(huán)境。法律規(guī)定明確的期望，為各種需要士惠顧。在實(shí)際使用中，，巨大的挑戰(zhàn)和缺點(diǎn)仍然存在。技術(shù)員的挑戰(zhàn)是要積極跟上技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，實(shí)驗(yàn)和努力學(xué)習(xí)，并不斷更新，為各類顧客提供網(wǎng)頁或超媒體信息和服務(wù)。</p><p>　　附件2：外文原文（復(fù)印件）</p><p>　　Library Web Design for Persons with Disabilities</p>&l

33、t;p>　　Information Technology and Libraries</p><p>　　Abstract: Nearly one-fifth of Americans have some form of disability, and accessibility guidelines and standards that apply to libraries are complicated

34、, unclear, and difficult to achieve. Understanding how persons with disabilities access Web-based content is critical to accessible design. Recent research supports the use of a database-driven model for library Web deve

35、lopment. Existing technologies offer a variety of tools to meet disabled patrons' needs，and Librarians in charge of technology c</p><p>　　Because the Internet and its design standards are evolving at a d

36、izzying rate, it is difficult to create websites that are both cutting-edge and standards-compliant.</p><p>　　This paper evaluates the challenge of Web design as it relates to individuals with disabilities,

37、exploring current standards, and offering recommendations for accessible development. Examining the provision of LT for this demographic is vital because according to the U.S. Census Bureau, the U.S. public includes abou

38、t 51.2 million people living with disabilities, 32.5 million of which are severely disabled. This means that nearly one-fifth of the U.S. public faces some physical, mental, sensory, </p><p>　　Webpage making

39、 standards</p><p>　　The Access Board further specifies guidelines for "Web-based intranet and internet information and applications," which are directly relevant to the provision of such services i

40、n libraries. What follows is a detailed examination of these standards with examples to assist in understanding and implementation.</p><p>　　(a) A text equivalent for every non-text element shall be provided

41、. Assistive technology cannot yet describe what pictures and other images look like; they require meaningful text-based information associated with each picture. If an image directs the user to do something, the associat

42、ed text must explain the purpose and meaning of the image. This way, someone who cannot see the screen can understand and navigate the page successfully. </p><p>　　(b) Equivalent alternatives for any multime

43、dia presentation shall be synchronized with the presentation. This means that captions for video must be real-time and synchronized with the actions in the video, not contained solely in a separate transcript.</p>

44、<p>　　(c) Web pages shall be designed so that all information conveyed with color is also available without color, for example from context or markup. While color can be used, it cannot be the sole source or indica

45、tor of information. Imagine an educational website offering a story problem presented in black and green print, and the answer to the problem could be deciphered using only the green letters. This would be inaccessible t

46、o students who have certain forms of color-blindness as well as those wh</p><p>　　(d) Documents shall be organized so they are readable without requiring an associated style sheet. The introduction of cascad

47、ing style sheets (CSS) can improve accessibility because they allow the separation of presentation from content. However, not all browsers fully support CSS, so web pages need to be designed so any browser can read them

48、accurately. The content needs to be organized so that it can be read and understood with CSS formatting turned off.</p><p>　　(e) Redundant text links shall be provided for each active region of a server-side

49、 image map.</p><p>　　(f) Client-side image maps shall be provided instead of server-side image maps except where the regions cannot be defined with an available geometric shape. An image map can be thought o

50、f as a geometrically defined and arranged group of links to other content on a site. A clickable map of the fifty U.S. states is an example of a functioning image map. A server-side image map would appear to a screen rea

51、der only as a set of coordinates, whereas client side maps can include information about where</p><p>　　(g) Row and column headers shall be identified for data tables, and</p><p>　　(h) Markup sh

52、all be used to associate data cells and header cells for data tables that have two or more logical levels of row or column headers. Correct table coding is critical.It is best to rely on CSS for page layout, taking into

53、consideration the directions in subparagraph above.</p><p>　　(i) Frames shall be titled with text that facilitates frame identification and navigation. Frames are a deprecated feature of HTML, and their use

54、should be avoided in favor of CSS layout.</p><p>　　(j) Pages shall be designed to avoid causing the screen to flicker with a frequency greater than 2 Hz and lower than 55 Hz. Lights with flicker rates in thi

55、s range can trigger epileptic seizures. Blinking or flashing elements on a webpage should be avoided until browsers provide the user with the ability to control flickering.</p><p>　　(k) A text-only page, wit

56、h equivalent information or functionality, shall be provided to make a Web site comply with the provisions of this part, when compliance cannot be accomplished any other way. The content of the text-only page shall be up

57、dated whenever the primary page changes. Complex content that is entirely visual in nature may require a separate text-only page, such as a page showing the English alphabet in American Sign Language. This requirement al

58、so serves as a stopgap measure for </p><p>　　(l) When pages utilize scripting languages to display content, or to create interface elements, the information provided by the script shall be identified with fu

59、nction a text that can be read by assistive technology. Scripting languages such as JavaScript allow for more interactive content on a page while reducing the number of times the computer screen needs to be refreshed. If

60、 functional text is not available, the screen reader attempts to read the script's code, which outputs as a meaningles</p><p>　　(m) When a Web page requires that an applet, plug-in, or other application

61、be present on the client system to interpret page content, the page must provide a link to a plug-in or applet. Web developers need to ascertain whether a given plug-in or applet is accessible before requiring their webp

62、age's visitors to use it. When using applications such as QuickTime or RealAudio, it is important to provide an accessible link on the same page that will allow users to install the necessary plug-in.</p><

63、p>　　(n) When electronic forms are designed to be completed on-line, the form shall allow people using assistive technology to access information, field elements, and functionality required for completion and submissio

64、n of the form, including all directions and cues. If scripts used in the completion of the form are inaccessible, an alternative method of completing the form must be made immediately available.</p><p>　　(o)

65、 A method shall be provided that permits users to skip repetitive navigation links. Persons using screen reader software typically navigate through pages using the Tab key, listening as the text is read aloud. Websites c

66、ommonly place their logo at the top of each page and make this graphic a link to the site's homepage. Many sites also use a line of graphic images just beneath this logo on every page to serve as a navigation bar. To

67、 avoid having to listen through this same list of links on ev</p><p>　　Standards-setting groups and their work</p><p>　　One organization that seeks to move Internet technology beyond basic Secti

68、on 508 compliance is the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The mission of the WAI is to develop</p><p>　　* guidelines that are widely regarded as the international st

69、andard for Web accessibility;</p><p>　　* support materials to help understand and implement Web accessibility; </p><p>　　* resources through international collaboration.</p><p>　　Th

70、e W3C published its first Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 1.0) in May of 1999 for making online content accessible to PWD. By following these guidelines, developers create Web content that is readily available

71、 to every user regardless of the way it's accessed. The WAI provides ten quick tips for improving accessibility in website design:</p><p>　　* Images and animations. Use the "alt" attribute to d

72、escribe the function of each visual.</p><p>　　* Image maps. Use the client-side map and text for hotspots.</p><p>　　* Multimedia. Provide captioning and transcripts of audio, and descriptions of

73、 video.</p><p>　　* Hypertext·. Use text that makes sense when read out of context. For example, avoid "click here."</p><p>　　* Page organization. Use headings, lists, and consiste

74、nt structure. Use CSS for layout and style where possible.</p><p>　　* Graphs and charts. Summarize or use the long attribute.</p><p>　　* Scripts, applets, and plug-ins. Provide alternative conte

75、nt in case active features are inaccessible or unsupported.</p><p>　　* Frames. Use the "no frames" element and meaningful titles.</p><p>　　* Tables. Make line-by-line reading sensible.

76、 Summarize.</p><p>　　Perceivable</p><p>　　* Provide text alternatives for non-text content.</p><p>　　* Provide captions and alternatives for multimedia.</p><p>　　* Make

77、 information adaptable and available to assistive technologies.</p><p>　　* Use sufficient contrast to make things easy to see and hear.</p><p><b>　　Operable</b></p><p>　

78、　* Make all functionality keyboard accessible.</p><p>　　* Give users enough time to read and use content.</p><p>　　* Do not use content known to cause seizures.</p><p>　　* Help user

79、s navigate and find content.</p><p>　　Understandable</p><p>　　* Make text readable and understandable.</p><p>　　* Make content appear and operate in predictable ways.</p><

80、;p>　　* Help users avoid and correct mistakes.</p><p>　　Recommendations</p><p>　　Libraries today typically offer three types of Web-based resources: (1) access to the Internet, (2) access to s

81、ubscription databases, and (3) a library's own webpage, all of which need to be accessible to PWD. Libraries trying to comply with Section 508 are required to "furnish auxiliary aids and services when necessary

82、to ensure effective communication. "There are a number of options available to libraries on tight budgets. The first set involves the features built into each computer's operatin</p><p>　　Libraries

83、with more substantial technology budgets have a wide variety of hardware and software options to choose from to meet the needs of PWD. For patrons with visual impairments, several software packages are available to read

84、aloud the content of a website or other electronic document using synthesized speech. JAWS by Freedom Scientific and Window Eyes by GW Micro are two of the best-known software packages, and both include the ability to ou

85、tput to a refreshable Braille display (which both </p><p>　　Subscription databases can be inaccessible to PWD in the display of search results and accompanying information. The three most common forms of res

86、ults delivery are HTML full text, HTML full text with graphics, and PDF files. PDF files are notoriously inaccessible to persons using screen readers. While Adobe has made significant strides in rendering PDF accessible,

87、 many databases contain numerous PDF documents created in versions of Adobe Acrobat prior to version 5.0 (released in 2001), which ar</p><p>　　One tool used to evaluate database (or other product) accessibil

88、ity is the Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT). Created in partnership between the Information Technology Industry (ITI) Council and the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) in 2001, it provides "a

89、 simple, Internet-based tool to assist Federal contracting and procurement officials in fulfilling the new market research requirements contained in the Section 508 implementing regulations."20 VPAT is a voluntary d

90、isclos</p><p>　　like databases, a library's website needs to be accessible to patrons with a variety of needs. According to Muncaster, accessible sites are 35 percent easier for everyone to use and are m

91、ore likely to be found by Internet search engines.21 Fully accessible websites are simpler to maintain and are on average 50 percent smaller than inaccessible ones, which means they download faster, making them easier to

92、 use.22 In creating a basic site, current best practice has been to render the content in HTM</p><p>　　A complete rebuild of a library website is an opportunity to improve accessibility. Reynolds' articl

93、e on creating a user-centered website for the Johnson County (Kans.) Library offers an example of how libraries can apply basic information architecture design principles on a budget. Johnson County focused on simple, lo

94、w-budget usability studies involving patrons in the selection of site navigation categories, designing the layout, and testing the resulting user interface. By involving average us</p><p>　　An understanding

95、of how a person with disabilities experiences the online environment can help point the way toward improved accessibility. A recent study in the United Kingdom tracked the eye movements of able bodied computer users in a

96、n effort to answer these questions. Researchers asked eighteen people with normal or corrected vision to search for answers on two versions of a BBC website - the standard graphical page and the text only version. Subjec

97、ts' eyes tended to dart around the standard</p><p>　　Information seeking on the Web is a complex process requiring "the ability to switch and coordinate among multiple information-seeking strategies

98、" such as browsing, scanning, query-based searching, and so on.25 If Web browsers could translate formatting and presentation into audio tailored to the needs of the visually impaired, the use of the Internet would

99、be a far more satisfying experience for those users. However, such Web programming would require years of additional research and developmen</p><p>　　One way to enhance the accessibility of sites is to follo

100、w a database-driven Web development model. In addition to using XHTML and CSS, Dunlap recommends that content be stored in a relational database such as My SQL and that a coding language such as PHP be used to create pag

101、es dynamically. This approach has two advantages. First, it allows for the creation of "a flexible website design style that lives in a single, easily modified file that controls the presentation of every Web page o