rtk技術(shù)在地形測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用研究文獻(xiàn)翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文3257字</b></p><p>　　RTK 技術(shù)在地形測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用研究</p><p><b>　　hegeer</b></p><p>　　摘要：隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)不斷的發(fā)展，GPS 技術(shù)也在不斷的發(fā)展，目前 GPS 已經(jīng)成為集衛(wèi)星技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技 術(shù)和天文觀測(cè)技術(shù)為一體的高端技

2、術(shù).GPS 技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)，在一定程度上促進(jìn)了測(cè)繪技術(shù)發(fā)展，尤其是在定位和測(cè)量上.RTK 技 術(shù)作為 GPS 技術(shù)重要組成部分，其對(duì)地形測(cè)量有一定優(yōu)勢(shì)，其不僅能提高測(cè)量效率，同時(shí)也能提高測(cè)量精度，從而使地形測(cè) 量工作有序進(jìn)行.本文主要從 RTK 技術(shù)概況及原理、RTK 技術(shù)地形測(cè)量過程中應(yīng)該注意的問題、RTK 技術(shù)在地形測(cè)量中的應(yīng) 用等方面出發(fā)，對(duì) RTK 技術(shù)在地形測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行相應(yīng)研究.</p><p>　　R

3、TK 技術(shù)作為 GPS 系統(tǒng)中重要定方式， 其在地形測(cè)量中有重要作用.RTK 技術(shù)不僅能控制測(cè)量、提高工作效率， 同時(shí)也能以全站儀坐標(biāo)進(jìn)行放樣， 也能進(jìn)行高精度定位.而 要想將 RTK 技術(shù)更好的應(yīng)用在地形測(cè)量中，仍需要對(duì) RTK 技術(shù)技術(shù)概況、原理、應(yīng)用應(yīng)該注意的問題和實(shí)際應(yīng)用進(jìn)行 具體分析，以便為地形測(cè)量工作創(chuàng)造更多有利條件.如何更好的將 RTK 技術(shù)更好應(yīng)用在地形測(cè)量中，已經(jīng)成為相關(guān)部門值得思索的事情.</p>

4、<p>　　1RTK 技術(shù)概況及原理</p><p>　　1.1 RTK 技術(shù)概況</p><p>　　RTK 技術(shù)事實(shí)上就是動(dòng)態(tài)測(cè)量技術(shù)， 其在實(shí)際測(cè)量中 將相位測(cè)量與數(shù)據(jù)傳輸技術(shù)結(jié)合在一起， 根據(jù)載波相位實(shí) 時(shí)進(jìn)行差分 GPS 測(cè)量，RTK 技術(shù)作為 GPS 測(cè)量重要組成部分，已經(jīng)成為測(cè)量技術(shù)發(fā)展的重要標(biāo)志.在實(shí)際應(yīng)用過程中， RTK 技術(shù)是通過基準(zhǔn)站接收機(jī)、數(shù)據(jù)鏈

5、和流動(dòng)站接收機(jī)來，實(shí)現(xiàn)其測(cè)量功能的.RTK 技術(shù)在實(shí)際測(cè)圖過程中，僅需一人 拿著儀器在要測(cè)量地物或地貌特征點(diǎn)上 1～2 分鐘，并在儀器上輸測(cè)量地物或地貌特征點(diǎn)，就能將相應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入計(jì)算機(jī)，以此為依據(jù)通過繪圖軟件進(jìn)行編繪，輸入要完成的地形圖數(shù)據(jù)，就能完成地形圖.RTK 技術(shù)在地形測(cè)量中應(yīng)用,不僅節(jié)省大量人力、物力，同時(shí)也能避免傳統(tǒng)測(cè)量中通視問題，尤其是在起伏較大的山地中使用，能使其工作效率得到顯著的提高；工程放樣方法相對(duì)較多，但是在實(shí)際應(yīng)用

6、過程中，對(duì)點(diǎn)通視狀況要求較高，不能更好滿足放樣需求.而用RTK 技術(shù)進(jìn)行放樣，只需要將目標(biāo)點(diǎn)位置輸入電子簿中并背向 GPS 機(jī)就能找打放樣點(diǎn)位置， 這種方法不僅快速方便且精度均勻，能更好滿足放樣需求.。此外，RTK 技術(shù)也能對(duì) 常規(guī)方法無法定位的坐標(biāo)進(jìn)行定位.因此，RTK 技術(shù)主要在地形</p><p>　　1.2 RTK 技術(shù)原理</p><p>　　RTK 技術(shù)原理就是基準(zhǔn)站實(shí)時(shí)將測(cè)

7、量的載波相位觀測(cè)值、偽距觀測(cè)值、基準(zhǔn)站坐標(biāo)等數(shù)據(jù)，以無線電傳送的方式將將相應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)傳送給流動(dòng)站，流動(dòng)站再對(duì)這些數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行差分處理，最終得出基準(zhǔn)站和流動(dòng)站坐標(biāo)差.在此基礎(chǔ)上將數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成流動(dòng)站平面坐標(biāo)和高程，整個(gè)過程中就是 RTK 技術(shù)定位過程.</p><p>　　2 RTK 技術(shù)地形測(cè)量過程中應(yīng)該注意的問題</p><p>　　一般地形測(cè)量是以靜態(tài)測(cè)量控制點(diǎn)方法進(jìn)行測(cè)量的，并在此基礎(chǔ)上用

8、RTK 技術(shù)來完成碎部測(cè)量.RTK 技術(shù)在實(shí)際測(cè)量過程中可以對(duì)測(cè)區(qū)內(nèi)一定數(shù)量基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行測(cè)量并對(duì)該地形區(qū)地形、地物特征點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)進(jìn)行測(cè)定，最后利用相應(yīng) 測(cè)圖軟件來實(shí)現(xiàn)測(cè)繪編輯使其成為地形圖.</p><p>　　2.1 做好準(zhǔn)備工作</p><p>　　在使用 RTK 技術(shù)進(jìn)行測(cè)量的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該做好相應(yīng)準(zhǔn)備工作.在測(cè)量前，應(yīng)該了解點(diǎn)位、交通狀況，同時(shí)也應(yīng)該了解衛(wèi)星預(yù)報(bào)評(píng)估障礙物狀況及對(duì) GPS

9、 觀測(cè)的影響.最后根據(jù)測(cè)量點(diǎn)衛(wèi)星狀況進(jìn)行測(cè)量，并確定具體布網(wǎng)和作業(yè)方案.在此基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)電池、電量、內(nèi)存容量和測(cè)圖軟件進(jìn)行常規(guī)性檢測(cè)..</p><p>　　2.2 選好基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)</p><p>　　一般基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)都會(huì)選在交通便利的地方,這樣不僅便于 設(shè)備運(yùn)輸和操作，同時(shí)也便于保存.在選擇基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，應(yīng) 該盡量避免成片植物區(qū)域，當(dāng)無法避免時(shí)，盡量將基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)范 圍內(nèi)植物清除.同時(shí)在選擇基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)時(shí)，

10、也應(yīng)盡量遠(yuǎn)離高達(dá)建 筑物或是大面積水域；在選擇基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)時(shí)也應(yīng)保證區(qū)域內(nèi)無 無線電發(fā)射設(shè)施和高壓輸電線路設(shè)備.埋石時(shí)最好從點(diǎn)位實(shí) 際需求出發(fā)來確定基點(diǎn).此外，還應(yīng)該對(duì) GPS 電臺(tái)功率及覆 蓋能力進(jìn)行分析,盡量將基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)布設(shè)在測(cè)區(qū)較高位置，以方 便獲取通訊數(shù)據(jù)，減少基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)個(gè)數(shù).</p><p>　　2.3 做好外業(yè)測(cè)量和數(shù)據(jù)處理工作</p><p>　　在對(duì)外業(yè)進(jìn)行觀測(cè)的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該以儀器的具

11、體步驟為: 依據(jù)逐步進(jìn)行操作，得出相應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)后，再以單位實(shí)際需求為 依據(jù)選擇適當(dāng)?shù)能浖M(jìn)行處理,處理過程中也應(yīng)該對(duì)不同基準(zhǔn)站點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)進(jìn)行計(jì)算，以確保坐標(biāo)位置.</p><p>　　2.4 做好基準(zhǔn)站設(shè)置和參數(shù)求解工作</p><p>　　在使用儀器時(shí)， 應(yīng)該將正確基準(zhǔn)站坐標(biāo)輸和儀器高度 輸入基準(zhǔn)站中.選擇正確的發(fā)射差分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)，對(duì)波特率進(jìn)行正 確選擇，以保證基準(zhǔn)站設(shè)置準(zhǔn)確性.在對(duì)參數(shù)求解時(shí)，

12、應(yīng)該先 在電子手簿中輸入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)以外的坐標(biāo)， 并對(duì)已知控制 點(diǎn)進(jìn)行聯(lián)測(cè)，算出轉(zhuǎn)換數(shù)據(jù)后接收數(shù)據(jù)并確定數(shù)據(jù).</p><p>　　2.5 做好碎步測(cè)量工作和數(shù)據(jù)工作</p><p>　　完成基本工作后，還應(yīng)該對(duì)碎步進(jìn)行測(cè)量.可以將流動(dòng) 站放置在地物地貌特征點(diǎn)上對(duì)每個(gè)碎步至少測(cè)量?jī)扇昼?同時(shí)應(yīng)該追的是碎步測(cè)量點(diǎn)必須與實(shí)際需求一致.完成外業(yè)采集工作后，還應(yīng)該及時(shí)將采集數(shù)據(jù)處理成內(nèi)業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)

13、.在處理過程中可以以外業(yè)采集過程中畫的草圖和預(yù)設(shè)編碼為依據(jù)完成內(nèi)業(yè)圖.這項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)工作必須及時(shí)完成，以避免時(shí)間過長(zhǎng)而遺忘相應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)和圖形， 而影響地形測(cè)量進(jìn)度.為了使RTK 坐標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)更加準(zhǔn)確，必須保證 RTK 數(shù)據(jù)與展點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)一致.在此基礎(chǔ)上將代碼、坐標(biāo)或高程輸入相對(duì)應(yīng)辦公軟件中,之后再用相應(yīng)軟件進(jìn)行處理，以便使 RTK 和軟件有效的連接在一起， 實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)下載. 最后通過編輯轉(zhuǎn)換 RTK 格式將RTK 數(shù)據(jù)存入計(jì)算機(jī)，使 RTK 數(shù)據(jù)和測(cè)圖

14、軟件數(shù)據(jù)格式一致，為內(nèi)業(yè)成圖創(chuàng)造一定條件.</p><p>　　2.6 做好地圖繪制工作</p><p>　　做好上述一系列工作后，還應(yīng)該對(duì)地圖進(jìn)行繪制.在繪制過程中，應(yīng)該現(xiàn)對(duì)軟件中的比例尺進(jìn)行調(diào)試，使其與實(shí)際需要比例尺一致，之后啟動(dòng)展點(diǎn)命令，輸入上述數(shù)據(jù)名稱,根據(jù)外業(yè)草圖進(jìn)行繪制，并用人機(jī)操作形式進(jìn)行交互編輯,使其形成完整圖形. 同時(shí)也應(yīng)該將野外測(cè)點(diǎn)輸入計(jì)算機(jī)中,使其與圖式符號(hào)庫形

15、成連線，以便對(duì)地形圖進(jìn)行規(guī)范，一旦地形圖與實(shí)際規(guī)范有差距，就應(yīng)該進(jìn)行進(jìn)行編輯處理，以保證相應(yīng)工作順利進(jìn)行.</p><p>　　3RTK 技術(shù)在地形測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　測(cè)量工程的發(fā)展對(duì)測(cè)量精度和效率要求越來越高，而常規(guī)的測(cè)量技術(shù)不能更好滿足實(shí)際需求.GPS 技術(shù)的出現(xiàn),尤其是 RTK 技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)，其僅以數(shù)量基準(zhǔn)控制點(diǎn)就能確定測(cè)量坐標(biāo)，并在此基礎(chǔ)上通過繪圖軟件將野外測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)繪

16、制成地形圖， 之后以相應(yīng)方式輸出不同比例大小的地形圖. 目前來看，RTK 技術(shù)在地形測(cè)量中應(yīng)用的比較多.某地區(qū)在對(duì)城市規(guī)劃進(jìn)行測(cè)量時(shí)， 先對(duì)該地區(qū)地形條件和居民人口數(shù)量進(jìn)行分析，在此次基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)該區(qū)水準(zhǔn)面控制網(wǎng)實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行分析，并采用 RTK 技術(shù)進(jìn)行控制測(cè)量.在實(shí)施該方案時(shí)，先對(duì)傳統(tǒng)控制測(cè)量、細(xì)部測(cè)量等作業(yè)方法進(jìn)行相應(yīng)調(diào)整并導(dǎo)入 RTK技術(shù)，對(duì)傳統(tǒng)測(cè)量技術(shù)進(jìn)行改進(jìn).通過全站儀輔助，對(duì)該地區(qū)進(jìn)行測(cè)量.測(cè)量過程中是用 RTK 控制網(wǎng)對(duì)測(cè)區(qū)

17、進(jìn)行總體控制的，在一定程度上實(shí)現(xiàn)了多基點(diǎn)控制點(diǎn)聯(lián)測(cè),基準(zhǔn)站一般控制在十千米范圍內(nèi).在實(shí)際操作中會(huì)受到電磁波干擾或衛(wèi)星條件限制,對(duì)不同基站進(jìn)行聯(lián)測(cè)后，對(duì) RTK測(cè)量精度進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)不同分層技術(shù)進(jìn)行控制.檢測(cè)時(shí)RTK 點(diǎn)之間的邊長(zhǎng)符合規(guī)定，采集數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，控制點(diǎn)的固定解采集超過三次，儀器能自動(dòng)取平均值.在移動(dòng) RTK 流動(dòng)站時(shí)，能檢測(cè)到已知點(diǎn)和 RTK</p><p><b>　　4 結(jié)語</b&

18、gt;</p><p>　　隨著各種工程測(cè)量的發(fā)展，對(duì)測(cè)量的要求越來越高，不僅要滿足基本測(cè)量需求， 同時(shí)也要滿足測(cè)量效率和精度需求.而常規(guī)的測(cè)量方法不能更好滿足這一需求，RTK 技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)，在一定程度上滿足了工程測(cè)量需求.RTK 技術(shù)在地形測(cè)量中的使用，不僅節(jié)省大量人物力和時(shí)間，一定程度上也提高了測(cè)量效率和測(cè)量精度.然而，在實(shí)際應(yīng)用過程中，也應(yīng)該注意相應(yīng)問題.隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)不斷的發(fā)展，對(duì)地形測(cè)量要求將會(huì)更高要求.

19、為了更好滿足時(shí)代發(fā)展需求，還需要加大工程測(cè)量技術(shù)研究力度，以保證地形測(cè)量工作順利進(jìn)行.</p><p>　　GPS - RTK technology application in topographic survey and research</p><p>　　ABSTRACT: With the continuous development of science and technol

20、ogy, the GPS application in the measurement range is becoming more and more wide. The emergence of GPS technology, to a certain extent, promoted the development of surveying and mapping technology, especially on the posi

21、tioning and measurement. RTK technology as an important part of GPS technology, the topographic survey has some advantages, it can not only improve the measurement efficiency, at the same time also can improve the me<

22、/p><p>　　KEYWORDS: GPS - RTK technology; Topography measurement; application</p><p>　　( Global Positioning System) Global Positioning System (GPS) is jointly developed by the American armed forces

23、in the 1970s a new generation of space satellite navigation and Positioning System. RTK technology as an important way of GPS system, it has an important role in topographic survey. RTK technology can not only control me

24、asure, improve work efficiency, also can with total station coordinate lofting, also can undertake high-precision positioning. To the better application of RTK technolog</p><p>　　1.1 profile of RTK technolog

25、y </p><p>　　RTK technology in fact is the dynamic measurement technique, the phase measurement in the actual measurement and data transmission technology together, according to the carrier phase differentia

26、l GPS measurements in real time, as GPS RTK technology important constituent, has become an important symbol of measuring technology development. In practical application process, RTK technology is through the base stati

27、on receiver, data link and rover receiver to achieve its measurement function. RTK tec</p><p>　　1.2 principle of RTK technology</p><p>　　GPS positioning is determined mainly by using the princip

28、le of ranging intersection point. Carrier phase differential technique is also called RTK (Real Time Kinematic) technology, is real-time processing of two station carrier phase observation quantity difference method. Car

29、rier phase difference technology system configuration consists of three parts: (1) the base station receiver. (2) the rover receiver, rover also includes software systems that support the real-time dynamic difference. (3

30、) d</p><p>　　Real-time will measure principle of RTK technology is in carrier phase observations, the pseudorange observations, reference station coordinates data, corresponding data transmitted in the form

31、 of radio transmission to the rover, rover difference processing these data again, finally draw a base station and rover coordinate difference. On the basis of general data into a rover plane coordinates and elevation, t

32、he whole process is the process of RTK positioning technology. Usually RTK measurement</p><p>　　2 topography measurement in the process of RTK technology should pay attention to the problem</p><p&

33、gt;　　General topography measurement based on control point method for measuring the static measurement, and on this basis, using RTK technology to complete the detail measurement. RTK technology in the actual process of

34、measuring the measurement zone of a certain number of benchmarks can be measured, and the cryovolcanic terrain and object of the feature point coordinates are measured, and finally using the corresponding mapping softwar

35、e to implement the mapping editor, making it a topographic map.</p><p>　　2.1 good preparation before</p><p>　　When using RTK technology to measure before the corresponding measure should be read

36、y for work. Should understand point, traffic conditions, also should understand the status of the satellite forecast assessment of obstacles and impact on GPS observation. According to the measurement point on satellite

37、measurements, and determine the net and work plan. Based on this, again to the battery, battery, memory capacity, and routine inspections of mapping software.</p><p>　　2.2 choose a good benchmark</p>

38、<p>　　When selecting a reference point, generally choose where the transportation is convenient, and try to avoid piece of plant area, when unable to avoid, try to clear the benchmark within the scope of the plant.

39、At the same time also should try to stay away from tall buildings or large water areas and areas with no radio emission and transmission line equipment. In addition, you should analyze the GPS radio power and coverage, a

40、s far as possible the reference point setting higher position of the su</p><p>　　2.3 to do a good job of field measurement and data processing</p><p>　　In field observations, should be operated

41、according to the specific steps of instrument gradually, and then select the appropriate software based on practical needs for processing, processing of different benchmark site should also coordinate calculation, to ens

42、ure that the coordinates of the location.</p><p>　　2.4 do a good job base station setting and parameters to solve</p><p>　　When using instrument, should be the correct reference station coordina

43、tes and the height of the instrument input datum station. Launch difference data, choose the right to correct selection of baud rate, in order to make sure the base station setting accuracy. Of solving parameters, should

44、 first hand in electronic book beyond standard datum input, the coordinates of known control points are measured, calculated conversion data after receiving data and data were determined.</p><p>　　2.5 do a g

45、ood job and many quick measurement</p><p>　　After completion of basic work should also be measured in detail. Can place the rover on the terrain landform feature points for every detail measuring at least tw

46、o or three minutes. After completion of field collection work should also be timely collection and processing of data into data in the industry. In the process can be collected outside the industry in the process of pain

47、ting on the basis of the sketch and the default encoding completion figure in the industry. , coordinates, on the bas</p><p>　　2.6 do a good job mapping</p><p>　　After completing the above a ser

48、ies of work, should also be drawn on maps. In the process of drawing, should be on the scale of software debugging, now make it consistent with the actual needs scale, after start the at command, enter the name of the da

49、ta, and according to the field to draw sketch, make its form a complete graphics.. And at the same time the field point should be input in the computer, with the schematic symbol library form the attachment, so that the

50、specification of topographic</p><p>　　3 The GPS-RTK technology application in topographic survey</p><p>　　With the emergence of RTK technology, rapid positioning measurement is more and more re

51、laxed. Along with the continuous improvement of RTK technology, appeared different RTK measurement system. Now, RTK technology in the applications of topographic survey is more. As measured in the urban planning in a giv

52、en area, first to the region terrain conditions and residential population quantity is analyzed, based on the analysis of actual situation level control network in the area, using RTK technolog</p><p>　　4 co

53、nclusion</p><p>　　Along with the development of engineering measurement, to measure the demand is higher and higher, not only to meet the demand of basic measurement, but also to meet the demand of measuring

54、 precision and efficiency. And conventional measuring methods can't meet this demand, the emergence of RTK technology, to a certain extent, meet the demand of engineering measurement. GPS - RTK will still alone or to