水處理外文翻譯---不同水處理工藝對(duì)藍(lán)藻毒素的去除效果研究

1、<p><b>　　2．英語(yǔ)論文翻譯</b></p><p>　　Elimination of microcystins by water treatment processes— examples from Sulejow Reservoir, Poland</p><p>　　4. Discussion</p><p>　　The

2、 conventional water treatment process using preoxidation,coagulation, sand filtration, ozonation and chlorination in the Sulejow-Lodz waterworks system,and coagulation, sedimentation, sand filtration, ozonation and chlor

3、ination in the Tomaszow-Lodz waterworks system were effective in the elimination of extracellular and cell-bound microcystins. These twowaterworks had similar, rather simple treatment processes. The health hazard caused

4、by microcystins in the water used for drinking water prod</p><p>　　Cyanobacterial toxins can enter a water treatment plant in two forms, either as intracellular toxins (bound within the cyanobacterial cells)

5、 or as extracellular (dissolved) toxins. An elevated level of extracellular toxins was observed in Sulejow Reservoir in 2002 (Table 3a—e.g. 13 August 2002). The high concentration of free toxin in raw water could be expl

6、ained by a collapsing cyanobacterial bloom and a lysis of cyanobacterial cells. Although the studied water utilities could eliminate extrace</p><p>　　In this study, the most effective step of the treatment p

7、rocess in the removal of microcystins was the filtrationprocess, which reduced microcystins by 75.4% compared to the concentration at the end of the preceding step (Fig. 4). Rapid filtration, a method usually employed af

8、ter coagulation to remove the flocculants, does not effectively remove cyanobacterial cells (Lepisto et al., 1994; Steffensen and Nicholson, 1994). The efficiency of sand filtration, reported by Hoeger et al. (2004) in t

9、he </p><p>　　The concentration of microcystins can be effectively reduced also by activated carbon filtration. From water treatment studies conducted at the laboratory and pilotplant scale it was concluded t

10、hat granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration is effective in removing cyanobacterial toxins from drinking water (Hoffman, 1976; Falconer et al., 1983; Keijola et al., 1988; Falconer et al., 1989; Himberg et al., 1989;

11、Mereish and Solow, 1989; Donati et al., 1994; Lambert et al., 1996). Powdered activate</p><p>　　The use of chlorine dioxide in this study for a preoxidation process (1.6–2.8 mg l_1 for a contact time of 30 m

12、in) caused a reduction of total microcystin concentration by 40.4% (78.2% reduction for cell-bound microcystins and 17.2% increase for dissolved forms) (Fig. 4). These findings are in accordance with results presented by

13、 Nicholson et al. (1994). Tsuji et al. (1997) showed that a chlorine dose of 2.8 mg l_1 for a contact time of 30 min was sufficient for a 99% destruction of MC-LR. Pre-o</p><p>　　Coagulation and flocculation

14、 are defined as a process in which suspended particles are aggregated through the addition of a chemical coagulant. Coagulants used for this purpose (especially aluminium sulphate dosed at 100–160mg l_1 in 2002 and also

15、polyaluminium chloride</p><p>　　used in 2003 dosed at 120–150 mg l_1) caused a reduction of microcystins, mainly cell-bound microcystins, by 37.9% in 2002 compared to the preceding step. This process is inef

16、fective in the removal of extracellular cyanotoxins (Keijola et al., 1988; Himberg et al., 1989; Lambert et al., 1996; Chow et al., 1998). However, it can be effective in removing intracellular cyanotoxins through the re

17、moval of intact cyanobacterial cells. Coagulation is considered an efficient method for elimination of cy</p><p>　　may cause additional problems such as lysis ofcyanobacterial cells leading to a release of t

18、oxins (James and Fawell, 1991).</p><p>　　In the studies presented here chlorine and ozone were only used as disinfectants and for colour and/or odour removal in the last steps of the water treatment processe

19、s. The efficiency of chlorination seems to depend largely on the chlorine compounds and the concentration used. Aqueous chlorine and calcium hypochlorite with contact time of over 30 min at a concentration of 1mg l_1 rem

20、oved more than 95% of microcystins (Himberg et al., 1989; Nicholson et al., 1993; Nicholson et al., 1994; Rositano</p><p>　　Ozonation can be effective for the destruction of microcystins since it is one of t

21、he most powerful oxidants. Several studies have shown that the toxin removal is strongly dependent on the concentration of ozone (Hart and Scott, 1993; Fawell et al., 1993; Carlile, 1994; Rositano, 1996; Croll and Hart,

22、1996; Hart et al., 1997; Rositano et al., 2001). Keijola et al. (1988) showed that ozonation process at dose of 1mg l_1 was sufficient to completely remove microcystins. Further studies by Himberg </p><p>　　

23、The management strategy of the water utilities includes mixing of surface water and ground water from 7 deep wells located near Sulejow Reservoir (Table 3). The use of ground water reduces problems caused by the presence

24、 of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in surface water. The increased use of groundwater by the Sulejow-Lodz waterworks reduced microcystins in water on entry and during treatment process. The Sulejow-Lodz water treatment plan

25、t was effective in the elimination of intracellular as well </p><p><b>　　漢語(yǔ)翻譯：</b></p><p>　　不同水處理工藝對(duì)藍(lán)藻毒素的去除效果研究</p><p>　　—以波蘭蘇爾水庫(kù)為例</p><p><b>　　4 討論&l

26、t;/b></p><p>　　Sulejow-Lodz水處理廠采用傳統(tǒng)的水處理方法經(jīng)過(guò)預(yù)氧化 混凝 沙慮 氧化 氯消毒，Tomaszow-Lodz水處理系統(tǒng)采用混凝 沉淀 氧化 消毒也可以有效去除胞內(nèi)與胞外的藍(lán)藻毒素，這兩做水廠采用相似的水處理流程，由藍(lán)藻毒素一起的健康問(wèn)題在Sulejow-Lodz水處理系統(tǒng)中更為嚴(yán)重，因?yàn)樵撍畯S的取水口位于蘇爾水庫(kù)狹窄的港灣處，浮游生物在此大量出現(xiàn)。</p>

27、<p>　　Tomaszow-Lodz水廠的取水口位于Pilica河，由浮游生物引起的問(wèn)題較少，在這兩個(gè)水處理系統(tǒng)中對(duì)藍(lán)藻毒素有較好的去除效果，在澳大利亞水處理廠也有相同的報(bào)道</p><p>　　浮游生物有毒物質(zhì)以胞內(nèi)或溶解與水體中兩種形式進(jìn)入水處理構(gòu)筑物，2002在蘇爾水庫(kù)中觀測(cè)到了較高水平的胞外有毒物質(zhì)，極有可能是由于細(xì)胞的破碎與溶解所導(dǎo)致。既是由于本研究的水處理構(gòu)筑物可以有效的去除胞外藍(lán)藻毒

28、素，但高濃度的胞外有毒物對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的水處理構(gòu)筑物來(lái)說(shuō)仍然是一個(gè)較難的問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　在本次研究中對(duì)藍(lán)藻毒素去除效率最高的處理過(guò)程為過(guò)濾，它使藍(lán)藻毒素的濃度下降了75.4%，在混凝之后普遍使用的快速過(guò)濾難以有效地去除浮游生物細(xì)胞，據(jù)hoger 等人研究混凝結(jié)合沙慮對(duì)浮游生物細(xì)胞的去除效率可達(dá)99.9%。</p><p>　　活性炭吸附可以有效的去除藍(lán)藻毒素，試驗(yàn)研究顯示顆?；钚蕴窟^(guò)濾

29、可以有效的去除飲用水中浮游生物產(chǎn)生的有毒物質(zhì)（(Hoffman,1976; Falconer et al., 1983; Keijola et al., 1988; Falconeret al., 1989; Himberg et al., 1989; Mereish and Solow,1989; Donati et al., 1994; Lambert et al., 1996).而粉末活性炭在用于有毒物質(zhì)去除是較常規(guī)工藝時(shí)用量較多

30、(Wheeler et al., 1942; Hoffman, 1976;Falconer et al., 1983; Keijola et al., 1988; Himberg et al.,1989)。</p><p>　　二氧化氯用于預(yù)氧化是對(duì)對(duì)藍(lán)藻毒素可達(dá)40.4%的去除率，與Nicholson等人的研究結(jié)果相符，當(dāng)氯的劑量達(dá)到2.8mg/l，接觸30min后對(duì)MC-LR的去除率達(dá)99%，，在混凝之前進(jìn)行

31、臭氧 氯 高錳酸鉀預(yù)氧化已經(jīng)廣泛被應(yīng)用，尤其是在藻類(lèi)與浮游生物的去除中，尤以氯 高錳酸鉀預(yù)氧化對(duì)藻類(lèi)細(xì)胞的去除率最高，但應(yīng)該盡量避免因預(yù)氧化導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞中的有毒物質(zhì)釋放進(jìn)入水體(Bonne´ lyeet al., 1995; Hrudey et al., 1999; Pietsch et al., 2002)，本次研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了同樣的現(xiàn)象，因此對(duì)有毒物質(zhì)去除優(yōu)先的水處理應(yīng)避免使用預(yù)氧化，只有在總有毒物質(zhì)濃度較低方可采用。</

32、p><p>　　混凝與絮凝是通過(guò)投加化學(xué)物質(zhì)使水中的懸浮物質(zhì)聚合，高過(guò)程可以去除部分的藍(lán)藻毒素，尤其是胞內(nèi)藍(lán)藻毒素的去除率可達(dá)37.9%，同時(shí)對(duì)胞外微囊藻毒素也有一定的去除率(Keijola et al., 1988; Himberg et al., 1989;Lambert et al., 1996; Chow et al., 1998)。他也可以通過(guò)去除與其接觸的細(xì)胞來(lái)去除胞內(nèi)微囊藻毒素?；炷且环N有效去除水體中

33、藍(lán)藻的方法，但對(duì)可溶性的藻毒素的去除效率較低(James and Fawell, 1991; Rositano and Nicholson, 1994)，對(duì)藍(lán)藻的去除效果與混凝劑劑量與混凝PH的選擇相關(guān)，然而混凝可能導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞破碎而使胞內(nèi)有毒物質(zhì)進(jìn)入水中(Jamesand Fawell, 1991)。</p><p>　　因此臭氧氧化與氯氧化僅用于水處理后期色度或臭味的去除，氯氧化的效果與氯的藻類(lèi)和使用量相關(guān)，液氯

34、與次氯酸鈣當(dāng)接觸時(shí)間超過(guò)30分鐘，濃度達(dá)1mg/l 時(shí)可達(dá)95%的藍(lán)藻毒素去除率(Himberg et al., 1989; Nicholson et al.,1993; Nicholson et al., 1994; Rositano and Nicholson,1994; Carlile, 1994)。</p><p>　　由于臭氧是一種很強(qiáng)的氧化劑，因而臭氧氧化可以有效的除去微囊藻毒素，研究顯示去除效果與濃

35、度息息相關(guān)(Hart and Scott, 1993; Fawell et al., 1993;Carlile, 1994; Rositano, 1996; Croll and Hart, 1996;Hart et al., 1997; Rositano et al., 2001). Keijola et al.(1988)，當(dāng)濃度達(dá)到1mg/l 是即有良好的處理效果，Himberg的深入研究也證明了該觀點(diǎn)。</p>&l

36、t;p>　　水廠的管理方法為地表水與蘇爾水庫(kù)附近七口地下水井水的混合，地下水的使用減輕了由藍(lán)藻爆發(fā)引發(fā)的藍(lán)藻毒素問(wèn)題。Sulejow-Lodz水廠地下水使用的增加減少進(jìn)水與各個(gè)處理單元的藍(lán)藻毒素濃度，在2002-2003中Sulejow-Lodz水處理系統(tǒng)可有效的去除胞內(nèi)與胞外藍(lán)藻毒素。蘇爾水庫(kù)成為L(zhǎng)odz的可選擇性水源，但仍然是水庫(kù)下游Tomaszow-Lodz水處理系統(tǒng)的首選水源，同時(shí)該水庫(kù)對(duì)娛樂(lè)業(yè)也非常的重要，因此限制進(jìn)入該