外文翻譯--利用insar-gis合成監(jiān)測土耳其宗古爾達(dá)克無煙煤盆地的沉降效應(yīng)（英文）

1、Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 1807–1814, 2010 www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/10/1807/2010/ doi:10.5194/nhess-10-1807-2010 © Author(s) 2010. CC Attribution 3.0 License.Natural Hazardsand EarthSystem Sciences

2、Monitoring subsidence effects in the urban area of Zonguldak Hardcoal Basin of Turkey by InSAR-GIS integrationH. Akcin1, H. S. Kutoglu1, H. Kemaldere1, T. Deguchi2, and E. Koksal11Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Departme

3、nt of Geodesy and Photogrammetry Engineering, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey 2Nitetsu Mining Consultants Co., Ltd., Tokyo, JapanReceived: 23 November 2009 – Revised: 1 July 2010 – Accepted: 29 July 2010 – Published: 1 Septembe

4、r 2010Abstract. Zonguldak Hardcoal Basin is the largest bitu- minous coal region in Turkey where extensive underground mining activity exists. Because of this activity subsidence ef- fects have been experienced in differ

5、ent locations of the city. In this study, surface deformations caused by the subsidence have been observed by D-InSAR technique using C-Band RADARSAT data. InSAR data process of 16 RADARSAT images acquired between 24 Jul

6、y 2005–23 October 2006 has resulted in significant deformations in the order of about 6 cm in the most populated region of the city. The deformation map obtained has been integrated with digitized mine pro- duction maps

7、and Quickbird Orthoimage into GIS. Accord- ing to GIS analysis, there are three mine seams at different levels driven below the deformed zone. Many governmental and private buildings located in this area have a high pote

8、n- tial risk of subsidence damage. Also, this area covers ap- proximately 12 km of transportation routes.1 IntroductionZonguldak is the capital city of the Zonguldak province, lo- cated at the Western Black Sea coast of

9、Turkey, 360 km east of Istanbul and 270 km north of Ankara (Fig. 1). The topo- graphy around the city is very undulating and steep; 56% of the city’s land is surrounded by mountains, and only 29% with the slope with less

10、 than 20% suitable for settlement and agriculture. Also, very heavy forests cover the land sur- face in the immediate vicinity of the city centre (Zonguldak Province Environment and Forestry Directorate, 2006). Forestry

11、and fishing are among the important sources of income in the city with a population of 200 thousand while the major industry is the hard coal mining, so that Zongul-Correspondence to: H. S. Kutoglu (kutogluh@hotmail.com)

12、dak is the most famous mining region of Turkey. Under- ground coal mine extraction in the basin was initiated in 1848 when the Ottoman Empire, before Republic of Turkey, ruled the land. Now, Turkish Hardcoal Enterprises

13、(TTK) is the company authorized for mine production in the basin. Ac- cording to the official records of TTK, the hard coal pro- duction is about 2.5 million tons per year, and has totally reached 400 million tons since

14、1848. There are widespread coal seams located between the levels of +155 m and ?550 m under the city (Turkish Hardcoal Enterprise, 2008). Due to the above-mentioned mining activities, major sub- sidence events occurred a

15、t some locations of the city in the past (Fig. 2). Some locations are still suffering from subsi- dence phenomena, and some locations are under the risk of subsidence damage. For the safety of human life and pro- perty,

16、monitoring the temporal evolution of the subsidence effects for the city of Zonguldak is very crucial. Also, such a monitoring program can facilitate defining the locations at risk, early warning before major occurrences

17、, and proper ur- ban planning for the future. Regarding the deformation monitoring, GPS is the most powerful geodetic technique producing the most precise, re- liable and exact results to detect pointwise surface deforma

18、- tions. However, to keep wide grounds under control, Differ- ential InSAR is today’s most useful geodetic technique. GPS may need thousands of site points to monitor an area of in- terest which can be controlled only th

19、rough a pair of InSAR images. Therefore, D-InSAR was decided as the main technique for this study, since subsidence coming out in the basin is formerly not known. GPS was preferred for validation of the results obtained

20、from InSAR. The surface deformation maps obtained from D-InSAR analysis were integrated with QuickBird Ortho-image into Geographical Information Sys- tem (GIS). Finally, the deformation areas in different levels were det

21、ermined, and buildings, roads etc. located in those areas were documented by a GIS analysis.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.H. Akcin et al.: Monitoring subsidence effects

22、in Zonguldak, Turkey, by InSAR-GIS 1809integrated with QuickBird Ortho-image into Geographical Information System (GIS). Finally, the deformation areas in different levels were determined, and buildings, roads etc. loca

23、ted in those areas were documented by a GIS analysis. 2. Detecting surface deformations using InSAR technique InSAR technique has found a wide use since the late 1990s for monitoring ground deformations caused by lands

24、lide, tectonic motions, natural and mining-induced subsidence events, and etc. InSAR applications for landslides can be exemplified by [3-6]. This technique has been mostly applied for monitoring tectonic motions [6-11

25、]. It has also been used successfully for surface effects of subsidence induced by natural causes or man made activities [12-16]. However, InSAR technique for deformation monitoring highly depends on local conditions s

26、uch as topography, vegetation, atmosphere as well as resolution of data. Therefore, each study can be regarded unique. For instance, in Turkey, many successful studies were carried out for monitoring tectonic movement

27、s; however, any successful study to detect mining-induced deformations had not been carried out yet. Data Choice Surface deformations in heavily forested areas can be detected best through L-band SAR data, which can

28、penetrate vegetation [17, 18]. For that reason, L-band ALOS Palsar data was considered first to detect the surface deformations in the Zonguldak basin. However, sufficient data pairs having baseline less than 500 m cou

29、ld not be found. Therefore, it was decided to utilize the data from C-band RADARSAT, of which orbit stability is quite good. Figure 4 shows the acquisition dates of 16 RADARSAT images used for the study. Figure 3. Rada

30、rsat data used for the study The image dated 2005/7/24 was chosen as the master image and others were considered slave images (Fig 3). Therefore, 15 InSAR data pairs were composed to detect surface deformations in rela

31、tion to the master image. Each pair has the baseline less than 500m. InSAR processing for deformation monitoring InSAR uses phase information of SAR data. The change of distance between a sensor and the ground can be me

32、asured from phase difference of two observations using phase property in slant-range length: noise def atm topo orbit φ φ φ φ φ φ + + + + =(1) where orbit φis the orbit fringe caused by baseline distance obtained by tw

33、o observations while topo φis the topographic fringe with respect to terrain. These are described by the following equations 16 images 05/7/24 05/9/10 05/10/28 06/3/21 06/5/8 06/6/25 06/8/12 06/9/29 05/8/17 05/10/

34、4 05/11/21 06/4/14 06/6/1 06/7/19 06/9/5 06/10/23 RADARSAT No observation (snow season) Fig. 3. Radarsat data used for the study.education campus located in the most densely populated area of the city. Also, the uni

35、versity campus is located in the blue zone. The maximum rate of the deformation is obtained as 5.6 cm per 15 months. A detailed temporal development of the deformation, detected from the each pair, is given in Fig. 6

36、for the foregoing area. Figure 4. D-InSAR processing procedure used in this study [22]. Figure 5. Final deformation map around Zonguldak Urban Area for 15 months 5.6 cm Black Sea City centre Kozlu Kilimli Master image Sl

37、ave image Fig. 4. D-InSAR processing procedure used in this study (Deguchi et al. 2006).In these equations, Bpara and Bperp represent parallel and per- pendicular components of baseline, respectively. Also h, λ, ρ and α

38、represent elevation, wavelength, slant-range length and incidence angle, respectively. Finally, φatm is a phase delay caused by the reflection of microwaves in the water vapor layer, φnoise is the error component caused

39、by ther- mal noise, or temporal and spatial decorrelation associated with baseline distance or scattering characteristic change, and φdef represents the amount of surface deformation dur- ing the period between two obser

40、vations (see Massonnet and Feigl, 1998; Franceschetti and Lanari, 1999; Hanssen, 2001). Radar Interferometry - Data Interpretation and Error Analy- sis, Springer Verlag, New York. The whole process in which the deformati

41、on interferograms are obtained is explained by a scheme in Deguchi et al. (2006), illustrated in Fig. 4.In order to measure the time series of deformation, we ap- plied the smoothness-constrained least-squares method to

42、the pixels satisfying (a) and (b) below:(a) capable of phase unwrapping,(b) coherence values greater than 0.1.The amount of deformation since 24 July 2005 was solved as an unknown parameter under the condition that U in

43、the Eq. (4) was minimized.U = ?? φ(k) i,j ?t(k) i,j?2+ α2?? first or second difference oft(k) i,j?2(4)where φ(k) i,j is the amount of deformation of k-th periodic ob- servation since 24 July 2005. The pixel location is i