[雙語翻譯]農(nóng)學專業(yè)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿易外文翻譯—全球化和農(nóng)業(yè)貿易（節(jié)選）

1、字數(shù)：英文 字數(shù)：英文 3271 3271 單詞， 單詞，17813 17813 字符；中文 字符；中文 5738 5738 漢字 漢字出處： 出處：Anderson Anderson K. K. Globalisation Globalisation and and agricultural agricultural trade[J]. trade[J]. Australian Australian Economic Economic

2、 History History Review,2014,54(3):285-306. Review,2014,54(3):285-306.外文文獻 外文文獻 Globalisation and agricultural tradeAbstract For most of the past 10,000 years, long-distance agricultural trade has focused on crop seeds

3、or cuttings, breeding animals, and farm production technologies, before the dramatic falls in trade costs over the past two centuries allowed the gradual addition of farm outputs in raw or processed form to long-distance

4、 trade. That process was helped or hindered in various periods and places by governments’ trade-related policies. This paper traces the impact of those developments on terms of trade during the first globalisation wave t

5、o 1913 and then looks briefly at the inter-war period, before concentrating on the period since the 1950s.Keywords: agricultural protection, agricultural revolutions, export taxes, global economy-wide model projections,

6、structural transformations, trade costsINTRODUCTIONSince globalisation has to do with the lowering of costs of doing business across space, one manifestation of it is an expansion of trade across national borders. Natura

7、l barriers to trade tend to fall following technological advances in the provision of transport and communication services, while governmental barriers to international trade are less predictable and are as prone to risi

8、ng as to falling. The purpose of this paper is to provide a guide to changes in both sets of barriers to international about 8500 BC and possibly earlier. Agriculture is thus the world’s oldest industry. Thanks to its pr

9、oductivity growth and geographic diffusion, the world has been able to gradually urbanise and eventually industrialise.For most of the past 10,000 years, long-distance agricultural trade has contributed to the process of

10、 global economic growth and poverty reduction, but by concentrating not on the bulky outputs from farming – whose trade costs were prohibitive – but rather on farm inputs. Most notable among them are crop seeds or cuttin

11、gs, breeding animals (and their associated diseases picked up by humans), and farm production technologies. Apart from rice (thought to have been first domesticated in the Yangtze Valley in China), those technologies wer

12、e spread beyond their place of origin, which was mostly in the Fertile Crescent, partly by migrants who became coastal colonists in the Mediterranean Basin and then through adaptation in those colonised settings. The Nea

13、r East/Western Asia was the origin of wheat, barley and wine grapes as well as domestic cattle, ducks, goats, honey bees, horses, pigs, and sheep.From the 1500s a similar process of colonisation and agricultural developm

14、ent began in other continents. Mostly it involved input and technology transfers from Europe, but there are some plants and animals which originated in the Americas that became globally significant (bean, cotton, maize,

15、manioc/cassava, peanut, rubber, squash, sunflower, sweet potato, tobacco, tomato, white potato).There are also a couple from Africa (sorghum and millet), a few from Asia (most notably rice and bananas), and one from Ocea

16、nia (sugar, which is thought to have been first domesticated in New Guinea around 8000 BC).The migration of people, plants and animals was not without some human and ecological devastation. Indeed in some locations whole

17、 communities died from disease transmission. Some exotic weeds became pests too, as did insects attached to imported plants. However, those negative contributions from trade in domesticated plants and animals and their p