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1、Chapter2Phonology1.WhatarethetwomajmediaofcommunicationOfthetwowhichoneisprimarywhyTwomajmediaofcommunicationarespeechwritingOfthetwospeechisprimary.Thereasonsareasfollows.1)Fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolutionspeechi

2、spritowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented’byitsuserstorecdspeechwhentheneedarises.2)Ineverydaycommunicationspeechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinfmationconveyed.3)Speechisalwaystheway

3、inwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertonguewritingislearnedtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoschool.4)Fmodernlinguistsspokenlanguagerevealsmetruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewrittenlanguageisonlythe“revised”recdofspeech.2.Whatisv

4、oicinghowisitcausedVoicingisaqualityofspeechsounds.Itiscausedbythevibrationofthevocalcds.3.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranionnarrowtraniondiffer.Whenweuseasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranionitiscalledbroadtranion.Narrowtranio

5、nistheuseofmespecificsymbolstoshowphoicdetails.Inbroadtranionthesymbol[l]isusedfthesound[l]inwdsleaf[li:f]feel[fi:l].The[l]in[li:f]occurringbefeavoweliscalledclear[l].The[l]in[fi:l]occurringintheendofawdbefeanotherconson

6、antiscalleddark[l].innarrowtranionthediacritictilde[~]isusedtoindicateit.4HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassifiedEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways:oneisintermsofmannerofarticulationtheotherisintermsofplaceofarticula

7、tion.Intermsofmannerofarticulationitcanbeclassifiedintostopsfricativesaffricatesliquidsglidesnasals.Intermsofplaceofarticulationitcanbeclassifiedintobilabiallabiodentaldentalalveolarpalatalvelarglottal.5.Whatcriteriaareu

8、sedtoclassifytheEnglishvowelsAccdingtotheplaceofthetonguevowelscanbedistinguishedasfrontcentralback.Accdingtotheopennessofthemouthvowelscanbeclassifiedintofourgroups:closevowelssemiclosevowels.semiopenvowelsopenvowels.Ac

9、cdingtotheshapeofthelipsallthefrontvowelsthecentralvowelcanareunroundedvowelsallthebackvowelsareroundedlbik][ilkb]areimpossibleinEnglish.TheyhaveviolatedtherestrictionsonthesequencingofphonemesTheassimilationruleassimila

10、tesonesoundtoanotherby“copying’afeatureofasequentialphonemethusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Fexamplethe[i:]soundisnasalizedinwdslikebeangreenteam.Thisisbecauseinallthesesoundcombinationthe[i:]soundisfollowedbyanasal[n][m].T

11、hedeletionruletellsuswhenasoundistobedalthoughitisthographicallyrepresented.Fexampleinthepronunciationofsuchwdssigndesignthereisno[g]soundalthoughitisrepresentedinspellingbytheletterg10.WhatarethesuprasegmentalfeaturesHo

12、wdothemajsuprasegmentalfeaturesofEnglishfunctioninconveyingmeaningThephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.Themainsuprasementalfeaturesincludestressintonationtone.Thelocationo

13、fstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning.Tonesarepitchvariationswhicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofvocalcds.IntonationplaysanimptantroleintheconveyanceofmeaninginalmosteverylanguageespeciallyinalanguagelikeEnglish

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