土木工程類(lèi)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯---建筑工程招投標(biāo)

1、<p>　　畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文</p><p>　　譯文題目： 建筑工程招投標(biāo) </p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號(hào)： </p><p>　　專(zhuān) 業(yè)： M

2、土木工程 </p><p>　　所在學(xué)院： </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師： </p><p>　　職 稱(chēng)：

3、 </p><p>　　2011年 2 月 21 日</p><p>　　Construction bidding</p><p>　　Construction bidding refers to construction products as a commodity exchange transacti

4、on forms, which set targets by the purchaser only, the recruitment of a secret offer by a number of vendors to compete, the buyer choose the winners and with the trade agreement reached , then in accordance with protocol

5、 strokes.Tendering system, also known as project tender contract system, it refers to the market economy conditions, the method used to achieve the project bidding a project management system co</p><p>　　Ten

6、der refers to all bidders based on their ability and management level, in accordance with the provisions of the uniform requirements of tender documents to submit tender documents, work towards implementation of the qual

7、ifications.In order to regulate the bidding of the construction market activities to achieve the most optimal allocation of social resources, August 30, 1999 eleven of the Ninth National People's Congress adopted the

8、 "PRC Tendering and Bidding Law", marking the steps of the co</p><p>　　This paper focuses on the bidding process for analysis strategy should be taken. Bidding strategy refers to the successful con

9、struction contractor in order to achieve the purpose in the bidding process used by the means and methods, construction project bidding is an important part in using the appropriate bidding strategies and techniques, inc

10、rease the successful rate bid, but also expectations of larger profits.</p><p>　　First, bid decision analysis</p><p>　　Companies may also face multiple projects tendering opportunities, by const

11、ruction capacity constraints, can not practice all the tendering opportunities, but should be selected in a number of projects; on a specific project, from the perspective of effective, profitable superscript, subscript

12、and the loss of preservation standards, businesses are required features of the project tender and business realities of decision-making, in order to achieve the stated business objectives, such as: access</p><

13、;p>　　First, usually the following aspects should be considered in the case:(1) contract tendering possibility and feasibility of the project. The ability to contract the project, and whether the deployment of a manage

14、ment strength, technical strength to participate in project implementation, competitors have obvious advantages. (2) the reliability of tenders. For example, urban planning projects and land use permits and other permit

15、approval have been completed, whether the funds have already been im</p><p>　　Secondly, if faced with the following conditions should give up the tender: (1) project size, technical requirements exceed the l

16、evel of enterprise technology projects; (2) the scope and viability of their business outside of the project; (3) Comparison of the enterprise is currently contracted tasks full, and the greater risk of tendering the pro

17、ject; (4) the technological level, management, construction projects was significantly better than competitors.</p><p>　　Second, the bidding strategy of</p><p>　　If you decide to participate in

18、the bidding companies should take the appropriate strategies, and strive to win the bid.</p><p>　　1. Access to information, to grasp the situation of information strategy is to develop scientific and rationa

19、l basis, companies must focus on the tender information collection, collation and processing work on a comprehensive analysis of tender information, grasp its comprehensiveness, timeliness and accuracy. For example: char

20、acteristics of the project, materials prices, labor costs level, the credibility of the owners, the investment level of assurance, supervising engineer, the likely situati</p><p>　　2. To Changzhi short, infe

21、rior to the winning contractor of construction projects should be an objective analysis of its advantages: first, the technical aspects: (1) The estimates should be proficient in the industry, architects, engineers, acco

22、untants, engineers and management experts, the organization institutions; (2) project design, construction expertise, to solve the technical difficulties, and various technical problems of construction capacity. (3) simi

23、lar projects with the tender of co</p><p>　　3. Resourceful, take the initiative in the construction market is a buyer's market, competition is intense. Bidders should be based on internal and external co

24、nditions, for a variety of programs and measures, on balance, vision, seize the initiative.</p><p>　　Third, the tender offer Technical Analysis</p><p>　　1. Unbalance unbalanced quotes offer meth

25、od, is defined in the basic premise of price adjustment of each child within the offer in order to not affect the total price, again as soon as possible after winning bidder may withdraw funds in advance in the works and

26、 access to better economic efficiency. Imbalance usually offer the following situations:(1) to be able to recover the closing paragraph of the early projects (such as earthwork, foundation, etc.) may apply for a higher p

27、rice unit price to </p><p>　　2. Improve the sporadic employment offer if the contract bid price rule does not include the sporadic employment, which did not list the number of specific employment, sporadic e

28、mployment (day laborers) are generally slightly higher than the wages of construction unit price table due to sporadic employment contract does not belong to the scope of a valid contract price, the time of reimbursement

29、, but also more profitable.</p><p>　　3. More and more programs offer law programs offer method is the use of engineering design documents, drawings or ambiguity in terms of the contract is not enough to figh

30、t to modify the project specifications and contract law for the purpose of a quotation. The tender offer method to reduce risk and avoid unforeseen costs due to increase in the offer is too high to be eliminated. The spe

31、cific practice is to report the two prices in the tender price, first reported the original engineering specif</p><p>　　4. Sudden price method is the sudden price method used by competitors to confuse a comp

32、etitive method. Usually, in preparing bidding process anticipated a good price down, and then deliberately spreading false information, such as intention to abandon standard, according to generally offer or intend to rep

33、ort high and so close to the tender closing date, suddenly went to tender, and reduce the offer to over competitors.</p><p>　　5. Some of the first loss after winning method of construction enterprises in ord

34、er to enter an area or a particular area, relying on its own strength, to take at all costs, but only to offer the winning low bid program. Once successful, you can contract in this area or that area more engineering tas

35、ks, to achieve the overall purpose of profit. Construction works contractors bidding tenders, in addition to work on the tender offer, it should also be careful to take other techniques.</p><p>　　6. To hire

36、people who ignores the tender bidders location of the project in the bidding for his advice an attorney to assist the successful bidder.</p><p>　　7. For lack of combined strength of the tender, a contractor

37、can be combined with other enterprises, especially the location of the joint projects of advanced technology and equipment company or a famous bid.</p><p>　　8. Promised concessions bidders to lower prices or

38、 payment terms if required, to improve quality, shorten the construction period, with new technology and new design, and provide additional materials and equipment for free, free, took the training of personnel and so on

39、 favorable terms, it should be proposed in the tender documents. Organize to evaluation, generally to be considered for purchase, technical solutions, time, payment conditions and other factors. Therefore, with favorable

40、 condition</p><p>　　9. Actively carry out public relations activities, PR activities to promote self-advocacy and the bidder, communication and liaison feelings, establish a good image of the important activ

41、ities. But not to take illegal means to obtain the successful bidder.</p><p>　　The basic principle of bidding is open, fair, just, want to place a transparent procurement environment acts to prevent the occu

42、rrence of corruption. Therefore, in the bidding process should be followed state laws and regulations, good good policy to seek the tender procurement activities in the logistics with ease, a winner.</p><p>

43、<b>　　建筑工程招投標(biāo)</b></p><p>　　建筑工程招投標(biāo)是指以建筑產(chǎn)品作為商品進(jìn)行交換的一種交易形式，它由惟一的買(mǎi)主設(shè)定標(biāo)的，招請(qǐng)若干個(gè)賣(mài)主通過(guò)秘密報(bào)價(jià)進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，買(mǎi)主從中選擇優(yōu)勝者并與之達(dá)成交易協(xié)議，隨后按照協(xié)議實(shí)現(xiàn)招的。工程招標(biāo)制度也稱(chēng)為工程招標(biāo)承包制，它是指在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的條件下，采用招投標(biāo)方式以實(shí)現(xiàn)工程承包的一種工程管理制度。工程招投標(biāo)制的建立與實(shí)行是對(duì)計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下單純運(yùn)用

44、行政辦法分配建設(shè)任務(wù)的一項(xiàng)重大改革措施，是保護(hù)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、反對(duì)市場(chǎng)壟斷和發(fā)展市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)志。</p><p>　　工程投標(biāo)，是指各投標(biāo)人依據(jù)自身能力和管理水平，按照招標(biāo)文件規(guī)定的統(tǒng)一要求遞交投標(biāo)文件，爭(zhēng)取獲得實(shí)施資格。為了規(guī)范我國(guó)建筑市場(chǎng)的招投標(biāo)活動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)資源的最優(yōu)化配置，1999年8月30日全國(guó)人大九屆十一次會(huì)議通過(guò)了《中華人民共和國(guó)招標(biāo)投標(biāo)法》，標(biāo)志著我國(guó)建設(shè)工程招投標(biāo)步入了法制化的軌道。</

45、p><p>　　本文主要對(duì)投標(biāo)過(guò)程中應(yīng)采取的策略進(jìn)行分析。投標(biāo)策略指建設(shè)工程承包商為了達(dá)到中標(biāo)目的而在投標(biāo)過(guò)程中所采用的手段和方法，是建設(shè)工程投標(biāo)活動(dòng)中的重要環(huán)節(jié)，運(yùn)用適宜的投標(biāo)策略和技巧，可增加投標(biāo)的中標(biāo)率，又可以獲得較大的期望利潤(rùn)。</p><p><b>　　一、投標(biāo)決策分析</b></p><p>　　企業(yè)可能同時(shí)面臨多個(gè)項(xiàng)目的投標(biāo)機(jī)會(huì)，受

46、施工能力所限，不可能實(shí)踐所有的投標(biāo)機(jī)會(huì)，而應(yīng)在多個(gè)項(xiàng)目中進(jìn)行選擇；就某一具體項(xiàng)目而言，從效益的角度看有贏利標(biāo)、保本標(biāo)和虧損標(biāo)，企業(yè)需根據(jù)項(xiàng)目特點(diǎn)和企業(yè)現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況進(jìn)行投標(biāo)決策，以實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)的既定目標(biāo)，諸如：獲取贏利，占領(lǐng)市場(chǎng)，樹(shù)立企業(yè)新形象等。</p><p>　　首先，通常應(yīng)綜合考慮以下幾方面的情況：</p><p>　?。?）承包招標(biāo)項(xiàng)目的可能性與可行性。即是否有能力承包該項(xiàng)目，能否抽調(diào)出管

47、理力量、技術(shù)力量參加項(xiàng)目實(shí)施，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手是否有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。</p><p>　?。?）招標(biāo)項(xiàng)目的可靠性。例如，項(xiàng)目城市規(guī)劃許可證及土地使用許可證等審批是否已完成，資金是否已經(jīng)落實(shí)等。</p><p>　?。?）招標(biāo)項(xiàng)目的承包條件。</p><p>　?。?）影響中標(biāo)機(jī)會(huì)的內(nèi)部因素包括企業(yè)在技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、管理及信譽(yù)方面的實(shí)力；外部因素包括業(yè)主和監(jiān)理工程師的情況、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手實(shí)力

48、和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)形勢(shì)情況、法律法規(guī)情況、工程風(fēng)險(xiǎn)情況等。</p><p>　　其次，若面臨以下情況應(yīng)放棄投標(biāo)：</p><p>　?。?）工程規(guī)模、技術(shù)要求超過(guò)本企業(yè)技術(shù)等級(jí)的項(xiàng)目；</p><p>　?。?）本企業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)范圍和經(jīng)營(yíng)能力之外的項(xiàng)目；</p><p>　?。?）本企業(yè)目前承包任務(wù)比較飽滿(mǎn)，而招標(biāo)工程的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大的項(xiàng)目；</p>

49、<p>　?。?）本企業(yè)技術(shù)等級(jí)、經(jīng)營(yíng)、施工水平明顯不如競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的項(xiàng)目。</p><p><b>　　二、投標(biāo)策略分析</b></p><p>　　企業(yè)若決定參與投標(biāo)，應(yīng)采取相應(yīng)策略，力爭(zhēng)中標(biāo)。</p><p>　　1.掌握信息，把握情勢(shì)</p><p>　　信息是制定科學(xué)合理策略的基礎(chǔ)，企業(yè)必須注重有關(guān)投標(biāo)信

50、息的搜集、整理與處理工作，對(duì)招標(biāo)信息進(jìn)行全面分析，把握其全面性、及時(shí)性和準(zhǔn)確性。比如：有關(guān)項(xiàng)目特點(diǎn)、材料市場(chǎng)價(jià)格、人工費(fèi)水平、業(yè)主信譽(yù)、投資保證程度、監(jiān)理工程師情況、可能參與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的對(duì)手情況、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)形勢(shì)、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)問(wèn)題等。</p><p>　　2.以長(zhǎng)治短，以?xún)?yōu)勝劣</p><p>　　建設(shè)工程承包單位應(yīng)客觀分析自身優(yōu)勢(shì)：</p><p>　　首先在技術(shù)方面：（1）應(yīng)有精通本

51、行業(yè)的估算師、建筑師、工程師、會(huì)計(jì)師、工程師和管理專(zhuān)家組成的組織機(jī)構(gòu)；（2）有工程項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)、施工專(zhuān)業(yè)特長(zhǎng)，能解決技術(shù)難度大和各類(lèi)工程施工的技術(shù)難題的能力。（3）有與招標(biāo)項(xiàng)目同類(lèi)型工程的施工經(jīng)驗(yàn)。（4）有一定技術(shù)實(shí)力的合作伙伴。</p><p>　　其次在經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)方面：（1）有墊付資金的能力；（2）有一定的固定資產(chǎn)和機(jī)具設(shè)備及其投入所需的資金；（3）有一定的資金周轉(zhuǎn)用來(lái)支付施工用款；（4）有支付各種擔(dān)保的能力；（5）

52、有支付各種納稅和保險(xiǎn)的能力；（6）有一定能力承擔(dān)不可抗力帶來(lái)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。</p><p>　　同時(shí)在管理方面，應(yīng)注重成本控制。如縮短工期，進(jìn)行定額管理，輔以獎(jiǎng)罰辦法；減少管理人員，培養(yǎng)工人一專(zhuān)多能；節(jié)約材料；采用先進(jìn)的施工方法等。要有重質(zhì)量、重效益的意識(shí)，要有切實(shí)可行的措施。</p><p>　　最后在信譽(yù)方面，企業(yè)應(yīng)遵守法律法規(guī)，認(rèn)真履約，保證施工安全、工期、和質(zhì)量。建立良好的信譽(yù)，這是投標(biāo)

53、中標(biāo)的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p>　　在對(duì)自身優(yōu)勢(shì)明確把握的前提下，才能以長(zhǎng)治短。</p><p>　　3.隨機(jī)應(yīng)變、爭(zhēng)取主動(dòng)</p><p>　　建筑市場(chǎng)屬于買(mǎi)方市場(chǎng)，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈。投標(biāo)單位應(yīng)根據(jù)企業(yè)內(nèi)部和外部條件，準(zhǔn)備多種方案和措施，權(quán)衡利弊，高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚，掌握主動(dòng)權(quán)。</p><p>　　三、投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)技巧分析</p><p&

54、gt;<b>　　1.不平衡報(bào)價(jià)法</b></p><p>　　不平衡報(bào)價(jià)，是指在總價(jià)基本確定的前提下調(diào)整內(nèi)部各個(gè)子項(xiàng)的報(bào)價(jià)，以期既不影響總報(bào)價(jià)，又在中標(biāo)后投標(biāo)人可盡早收回墊支于工程中的資金和獲取較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。通常采用的不平衡報(bào)價(jià)有下列幾種情況：</p><p>　?。?）對(duì)能早期結(jié)賬收回工程款的項(xiàng)目（如土方、基礎(chǔ)等）的單價(jià)可報(bào)以較高價(jià)，以利用資金周轉(zhuǎn)；對(duì)后期項(xiàng)目（

55、如裝飾、電氣設(shè)備安裝等）單價(jià)可適當(dāng)降低。</p><p>　?。?）估計(jì)今后工程量可能增加的項(xiàng)目，其單價(jià)可提高，而工程量數(shù)量有錯(cuò)誤的早期項(xiàng)目，其單價(jià)可降低。但上述兩點(diǎn)要統(tǒng)籌考慮。對(duì)于工程量數(shù)量有錯(cuò)誤的早期工程，如不可能完成工程量表中的數(shù)量，則不能盲目抬高單價(jià)，需要具體分析后再確定。</p><p>　　（3）圖紙內(nèi)容不明確，估計(jì)修改后工程量要增加的，其單價(jià)可提高。</p>&

56、lt;p>　?。?）沒(méi)有工程量只填報(bào)單價(jià)的項(xiàng)目，其單價(jià)宜高。這樣既不影響總的投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)，又可多獲利。</p><p>　?。?）對(duì)于暫定項(xiàng)目，其實(shí)施的可能性大的項(xiàng)目，價(jià)格可定高價(jià)；估計(jì)該工程不一定實(shí)施的可定低價(jià)。</p><p>　　2.提高零星用工報(bào)價(jià)</p><p>　　若評(píng)標(biāo)規(guī)則中的合同價(jià)格未將零星用工包括在內(nèi)，清單里面也沒(méi)有具體的用工數(shù)量，零星用工（計(jì)日

57、工）一般可稍高于工程單價(jià)表中的工資單價(jià)，因零星用工不屬于承包有效合同總價(jià)的范圍，發(fā)生時(shí)實(shí)報(bào)實(shí)銷(xiāo)，也可多獲利。</p><p><b>　　3.多方案報(bào)價(jià)法</b></p><p>　　多方案報(bào)價(jià)法是利用工程設(shè)計(jì)文件、圖紙或合同條款不夠明確之處，以爭(zhēng)取達(dá)到修改工程說(shuō)明書(shū)和合同為目的的一種報(bào)價(jià)法。這種報(bào)價(jià)法可減少投標(biāo)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)又可避免因增加不可預(yù)見(jiàn)費(fèi)使報(bào)價(jià)過(guò)高而被淘汰。其具體做

58、法是在標(biāo)書(shū)上報(bào)兩價(jià)目單價(jià)，一是按原工程說(shuō)明書(shū)合同條款報(bào)一個(gè)價(jià)，二是加以注解“，如工程設(shè)計(jì)文件、圖紙或合同條款可做某些改變時(shí)”，則可降低多少的費(fèi)用，使報(bào)價(jià)成為最低，以吸引業(yè)主修改說(shuō)明書(shū)和合同條款。</p><p><b>　　4.突然降價(jià)法</b></p><p>　　突然降價(jià)法是指為迷惑競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手而采用的一種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)方法。通常在準(zhǔn)備投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)的過(guò)程中預(yù)先考慮好降價(jià)的幅度，然后

59、有意散布假情報(bào)，如打算棄標(biāo)，按一般情況報(bào)價(jià)或準(zhǔn)備報(bào)高價(jià)等，臨近投標(biāo)截止日期，突然前往投標(biāo)，并降低報(bào)價(jià)，以期戰(zhàn)勝競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。</p><p><b>　　5.先虧后贏法</b></p><p>　　有的建筑施工企業(yè)為了打入某一地區(qū)或某一領(lǐng)域，依靠自身實(shí)力，采取不惜代價(jià)、只求中標(biāo)的低報(bào)價(jià)投標(biāo)方案。一旦中標(biāo)后，可以承攬這一地區(qū)或這一領(lǐng)域更多的工程任務(wù)，達(dá)到總體贏利的目的。建設(shè)

60、工程承包商對(duì)招標(biāo)工程進(jìn)行投標(biāo)時(shí)，除了應(yīng)在投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)上下工夫外，還應(yīng)注意掌握其他方面的技巧。</p><p><b>　　6.聘請(qǐng)投標(biāo)搭理人</b></p><p>　　投標(biāo)人在招標(biāo)工程所在地聘請(qǐng)代理人為自己出謀劃策，協(xié)助中標(biāo)。</p><p><b>　　7.尋求聯(lián)合投標(biāo)</b></p><p>　　

61、一家承包商實(shí)力不足，可聯(lián)合其他企業(yè)，特別是聯(lián)合工程所在地的公司或技術(shù)裝備先進(jìn)的著名公司投標(biāo)。</p><p><b>　　8.許諾優(yōu)惠條件</b></p><p>　　投標(biāo)人若有降低價(jià)格或支付條件要求、提高工程質(zhì)量、縮短工期、提出新技術(shù)和新設(shè)計(jì)方案，以及免費(fèi)提供補(bǔ)充物資和設(shè)備、免費(fèi)代為培訓(xùn)人員等方面優(yōu)惠條件的，應(yīng)當(dāng)在投標(biāo)文件中提出。招標(biāo)人組織評(píng)標(biāo)時(shí)，一般要考慮報(bào)價(jià)、技

62、術(shù)方案、工期、支付條件等方面的因素。因此，投標(biāo)文件中附帶優(yōu)惠條件，有利于爭(zhēng)取中標(biāo)。</p><p>　　9.積極開(kāi)展公關(guān)活動(dòng)</p><p>　　公關(guān)活動(dòng)是投標(biāo)人宣傳和推銷(xiāo)自我、溝通和聯(lián)絡(luò)感情、樹(shù)立良好形象的重要活動(dòng)。但是不能采取非法手段騙取中標(biāo)。</p><p>　　招標(biāo)投標(biāo)的基本原則是公開(kāi)、公平、公正，要將采購(gòu)行為置于透明的環(huán)境中，防止腐敗行為的發(fā)生。因此，在投