汽車專業(yè)外文翻譯5

1、<p><b>　　英文翻譯</b></p><p>　　Motor Cars</p><p>　　1. How the Engine Works</p><p>　　An engine that converts heat energy into mechanical energy is called a heat engine ,

2、and the car engine is one type of heat engine. It derives heat from the burning or 'combustion', of a fuel and converts this heat into useful work for driving the car.</p><p>　　The fuel used in the v

3、ast majority of car engines is petrol, which is one of the many products obtained from crude oil found in the earth. Petrol, when mixed with the right amount of air, will burn when a flame or spark is applied to it.</

4、p><p>　　In the car engine, air mixed with petrol is taken into a confined space and compressed. The mixture is then ignited and it burns. In burning it heats the air, which expands, and the force of expansion i

5、s then converted into a rotary movement to drive the wheels of the car.</p><p>　　To be able to use this energy effectively we have to control the burning or combustion process and the force of expansion. Fir

6、stly, we need a tube, or 'cylinder', closed at one end, in which to compress and burn the petrol and air mixture. Then we need a piston which can slide freely in the cylinder, and which can be driven outwards by

7、the</p><p>　　force of expansion. To convert the outward movement of the piston into a rotary movement we must join it by a connecting rods to a crankshaft. We need one passage for the entry of the mixture in

8、to the cylinder and another to let out the used gases. To control the entry of the mixture and the exhaust of the gases we need valves, and these are called the inlet and exhaust valves. Finally, we need some means of ig

9、niting the mixture in the top of the cylinder, the part called the combustion chamber;</p><p>　　By timing the opening and closing of the valves and by timing the arrival of the spark we can control the whole

10、 sequence of events and make the piston move in and out over and over again.</p><p>　　THE CYLINDERS</p><p>　　Motor-car engines may have four, six, or eight cylinders. Look at figure 1.These cyli

11、nders are usually mounted in a cylinder block on top of the engine. Beneath the cylinder block is the crankcase, which contains two shafts, the crankshaft and the camshaft. As you have read, the crankshaft is revolved b

12、y the outward movement of the pistons in the cylinders. This rotary movement of the crankshaft transmits the power developed by the engine through the gearbox to the driving wheels and sets the c</p><p>　　Wh

13、en the crankshaft rotates it also causes the rotation of the camshaft, which lies alongside it in the crankcase. As the camshaft rotates, it pushes up rods alongside each cylinder to open and shut the valves at the top o

14、f the cylinder.</p><p>　　There are two valves to each cylinder. The inlet valve lets air and petrol into the combustion chamber of the cylinder when it is opened. When the exhaust valve is opened the gases f

15、ormed after the combustion in the chamber are allowed to escape . These gases are led away from the car through an exhaust pipe.</p><p>　　Let us examine the action of one of the cylinders in more detail. Loo

16、k at figure 2.In (a) the piston is near the top of the cylinder with the inlet valve open and the exhaust valve closed, If the crankshaft is turned, either by hand or by the starter motor ,the piston is drawn down by the

17、 connecting rod and a charge of petrol-air mixture rushes in. When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke the inlet valve is closed by the action of a spring. This stroke is called the induction stroke.</p>&

18、lt;p>　　In (b) both valves are closed and the crankshaft forces the piston up to compress the mixture in the top of the cylinder. This, then, is called the 'compression' stroke. Towards the end of the compressi

19、on stroke a spark from the sparking plug causes the mixture to ignite.</p><p>　　In (c) we see that the heat of combustion has caused a rapid rise in pressure in the combustion chamber and this has forced the

20、 piston down. Through the connecting rod the piston causes the crankshaft to continue to rotate. This stroke is called the 'expansion' or 'power' stroke, and we can say now that the engine has 'fired&

21、#39;. At the end of</p><p>　　this stroke, as the crankshaft rotates, causing the camshaft alongside it to continue to rotate, one of the cams on the camshaft pushes up the rod, which causes the exhaust valve

22、 to open, allowing the exhaust gases to escape.</p><p>　　In (d) we see the fourth and final stroke, the 'exhaust' stroke. The exhaust valve has been forced open by the rotation of the camshaft, and

23、the crankshaft, continuing to rotate, drives the piston back up the cylinder, forcing out the exhaust gases. At the end of this stroke the exhaust valve is closed by the action of a spring, and the camshaft, continuing t

24、o rotate, pushes up a second rod to force the inlet valve open. Now the cylinder will receive another charge of petrol-air mixture, and the</p><p>　　Because there is a four-stroke sequence, or 'cycle'

25、;, in this type of internal combustion engine it is called a four-stroke engine. There are also two一stroke engines used, for example, for motor scooters, and for some motor cycles.</p><p>　　Let us think of a

26、 car with four cylinders. Remember that it is only on the expansion stroke that power is transmitted to make the crankshaft rotate. Let us number the cylinders, 1,2,3,4. They may transmit power in this order. 1,2,4,3. Th

27、is means that when number 1 cylinder is on the expansion stroke, number 2 is on the compression stroke, number 4 is on the induction stroke, and number 3 cylinder is on the exhaust stroke. The four pistons, moving up and

28、 down inside their cylinders in this order,</p><p>　　2. The Fuel and Ignition Systems</p><p>　　The fuel system includes a fuel tank, a fuel pump, and a carburetor.</p><p>　　The fuel

29、 pump may be operated either mechanically from the engine camshaft or electrically. Its function is to pump petrol from the petrol tank and deliver it to the carburetor. It contains a fine filler to exclude particles of

30、dust or dirt which may have found their way into the tank.</p><p>　　The carburetor is mounted on the inlet pipe, or inlet 'manifold', which leads to the inlet valves of each cylinder. Its function is

31、 to 'carburet', or mix, the required amounts of petrol and air for combustion in the cylinders. It regulates automatically the proportions of petrol and air and also allows the driver to control the rate of deliv

32、ery of the mixture, and so vary the speed of the engine.</p><p>　　See figure 3. This is a simple type of carburetor. It makes use of a fuel reservoir or "float chamber" to which petrol is pumped by

33、 the petrol pump. The level of the petrol in. the chamber is kept constant by the action of a float which, as it rises with the petrol, closes a needle valve when the correct level is reached. The petrol from the float c

34、hamber flows to a small jet situated in a narrow tube called the choke tube. When the engine is running, i.e. when the pistons are moving up and down</p><p>　　The proportion of air and petrol required at var

35、ying engine speeds is controlled automatically. When starting a cold engine a much richer mixture, one with a higher proportion of petrol to air, is required. This is obtained by restricting the amount of air entering th

36、e carburetor. In most cars the driver does this by pulling out a knob called the choke and this partly closes the tube carrying air to the cylinders. The driver must remember to push the choke in again as soon as possibl

37、e after star</p><p>　　THE IGNITION SYSTEM</p><p>　　The function of the ignition system is to provide the spark in the combustion chamber to ignite the mixture of petrol and air at the right inst

38、ant. The system nor many comprises a coil, a distributor, and sparking plugs.</p><p>　　The coil produces the high-voltage impulse required to make the spark at the sparking plugs. It really consists of two c

39、oils of insulated wire wound one around the other so that the number of turns in the inner, 'secondary', coil is much greater than that in the outer, 'primary', coil.</p><p>　　A low voltage i

40、s supplied to the primary coil and suddenly interrupted. At that moment an impulse at very much higher voltage is induced in the secondary coil. Voltages of 6 or 12 volts supplied to the primary, low一tension, coil result

41、 in voltages of 10,000 volts or more being obtained from the secondary, high tension, coil. When the car is started the low-tension supply is provided by the car's battery.</p><p>　　Remember that the low

42、-tension supply must be broken suddenly to produce the high-tension supply from the secondary coil. This is done in an instrument called the distributor. The distributor is placed between the coil and the sparking plugs.

43、</p><p>　　Inside the distributor are contact points. The contact between them is broken by a revolving cam, which forces them apart. Then they are forced together again by a spring pressing against the arm h

44、olding one contact. It is when the contact points are forced apart that the low一tension supply, going through a lead to the coil, is suddenly interrupted.</p><p>　　A second lead, going from the coil ba

45、ck to the distributor, conveys the high-tension (H.T.) supply to the distributor head. From there other leads distribute the H. T. supply to each of the sparking plugs in turn.</p><p>　　You will remembe

46、r that each cylinder of the car has a sparking plug. The metal part of the sparking plug is screwed into the combustion chamber of the cylinder. The plug contains two electrodes with a small gap between them. When the pl

47、ug receives a high-tension impulse from the distributor a spark is caused as the impulse jumps the gap between the two electrodes. This spark ignites the petrol-air mixture in the combustion chamber.</p><p>

48、　　3. Cooling and Lubricating the Engine</p><p>　　The combustion of the mixture in the engine naturally makes a great deal of heat and the engine must not be allowed to become overheated. The function of the

49、cooling system is to control this heat.</p><p>　　The engine may be either water or air cooled, but the vast majority is water cooled. Water in the water jacket surrounding the cylinders picks up the surplus

50、heat from the engine and the heated water rises. It then circulates through the radiator, where it is cooled by the passage of air past the radiator tubes, and returns to the bottom of the water jacket. A fan, which is d

51、riven from the engine crankshaft, assists cooling by increasing the draught through the radiator at low speeds. A pump may</p><p>　　The engine must also be prevented from running too cool and therefore the t

52、emperature of the water is normally controlled within certain limits by the action of a device known as a thermostat. This has the effect of varying the circulation of the water so that, for instance, when the engine is

53、first started less water is allowed to circulate and the engine warms up quickly.</p><p>　　The cooling system can, of course, freeze up in very cold weather, and this can cause considerable damage. For this

54、reason it is advisable to add good antifreeze solution, on that can be left in throughout the summer, which will prevent freezing in winter and protect the system from corrosion all the year round.</p><p>　　

55、THE LUBRICATION SYSTEM</p><p>　　Lubrication is necessary for two main reasons to reduce friction and wear in the engine, and to help carry away was to heat from the bearings, in which the crankshaft and cams

56、haft revolve inside the crankcase, from the pistons, and from the other working parts. In addition, it helps the piston rings to seal in the combustion gases, to prevent them escaping down into the cylinders. (These pist

57、on rings are rings fitted into grooves around the top of each piston.)</p><p>　　The majority of engines have what is known as a 'force feed', or pressure, lubricating system. The bottom of the crankc

58、ase is enclosed by a sheet-metal pan, or 'sump'. This holds the engine lubricating oil and has a drain plug through which used oil may be drained off. A pump draws oil from the sump and pumps it through a filter

59、and then through channels, called 'oil ways', to the bearings of the crankshaft and camshaft, and also to the valve gear. At the same time, oil flowing from the bearings</p><p>　　A warning light or o

60、il gauge, controlled by the pressure of the oil in the system, is usually provided so that the driver will know when the system is not functioning and the oil is not circulating properly. If the system is not functioning

61、 properly the working parts may seize up and cause serious damage to the car engine. It is, therefore, essential for the driver to stop the engine as soon as he sees his warning light come on.</p><p>　　4. Th

62、e Brakes</p><p>　　The brakes function by absorbing in friction the energy possessed by the moving car. In so doing they convert the energy into heat.</p><p>　　There are two types of brakes, the

63、drum brake and the disc brake. Either or both types may be fitted, but where both types are used it is usual for the disc brakes to be fitted to the front wheels.</p><p>　　DRUM BRAKES</p><p>　　T

64、he drum brake consists of a pair of semicircular brake shoes mounted on a fixed back plate and situated inside a drum. This drum is fixed to the road wheel and rotates with it. One end of each shoe is on a pivot and a sp

65、ring holds the other end in contact with the piston of a hydraulic cylinder. (In front brakes it is usual to use two hydraulic cylinders in order to equalize the pressures exerted by the shoes. See figure 4.) Each shoe i

66、s faced with material, known as brake lining, which produce</p><p>　　The hydraulic system comprises a master cylinder and the slave cylinders, which are the cylinders on the road wheels. The slave cylinders

67、are connected to the master cylinder by tubing and the whole system is filled with hydraulic fluid. A piston in the master cylinder is connected to the brake pedal, so that when the driver depresses. The pedal the fluid

68、is forced out to each slave cylinder and operates their pistons. The fluid pushes the pistons out of their cylinders. They, in turn, push agai</p><p>　　The brakes may also be operated by mechanical linkages

69、from the foot pedal and handbrake lever. Common practice is to operate both from and rear brakes hydraulically with a secondary mechanical system operating the rear brakes only from the hand lever. One of the great advan

70、tages of hydraulic operation is that the system is self-balancing, which means that the same pressure is automatically produced at all four brakes, whereas mechanical linkages have to be very carefully adjusted for balan

71、ce. O</p><p>　　The mechanical linkage operating on the rear brakes is a system of rods or cables connecting the handbrake lever to the brake-shoe mechanisms, which work entirely Independently of the hydrauli

72、c system.</p><p>　　Drum brakes are prone to a reduction in the braking effort, known as 'fade', caused by the overheating of the linings and the drum. Fade can affect all or only some of the brakes a

73、t a time, but it is not permanent, and full efficiency returns as soon as the brakes have cooled down. However, fading is unlikely to occur except after the brakes have been used repeatedly in slowing the car from a high

74、 speed or after braking continuously down a steep hill. Descending such a hill, it would have been p</p><p>　　DISC BRAKES</p><p>　　The disc brake consists of a steel disc with friction pads oper

75、ated by slave hydraulic cylinders. The steel disc is attached to the road wheel and rotates with it. Part of this steel disc is enclosed in a caliper. (See figure 5) This caliper contains two friction pads, one on each s

76、ide of the disc, and two hydraulic cylinders, one outside each pad. The pads are normally held apart by a spring, but when the driver depresses the brake pedal, pistons from the hydraulic cylinders force the pads agai<

77、;/p><p><b>　　汽車</b></p><p>　　1. 發(fā)動機如何工作</p><p>　　一個把熱能源轉(zhuǎn)換成機械的能源的發(fā)動機叫做一個熱發(fā)動機，而且汽車發(fā)動機是熱發(fā)動機的一個類型。它源自燒或’燃燒’的熱, 燃料和進入駕駛汽車的有用的工作之內(nèi)依靠這熱能。</p><p>　　被用于相當(dāng)多汽車發(fā)動機的燃料是汽油，是

78、從在地球被發(fā)現(xiàn)的原油提取得的許多產(chǎn)品之一。汽油，當(dāng)和正確量空氣混合，當(dāng)火焰或者火花適用于它時，將會燃燒。</p><p>　　在汽車發(fā)動機中，和汽油混合的空氣進入被限制的空間之內(nèi)而且被壓縮。當(dāng)時的混合被點燃，而且它燃燒。在燃燒它方面加熱擴張的空氣，擴充的力量然后轉(zhuǎn)換成一次旋轉(zhuǎn)的運動駕駛汽車的輪子的動力。</p><p>　　能夠有效地使用這一能源我們必須控制燃燒程序和它擴充的力量。第一，我

79、們需要一個管或’圓筒’, 關(guān)閉在一端，在一個壓縮并且燃燒汽油和空氣混合的空間。然后我們需要一個能在圓筒中自由地滑動的活塞，和一個能向外地驅(qū)使裝置。</p><p>　　力量的擴充。把活塞的循環(huán)運動轉(zhuǎn)換成我們固定的連接竿桿，組成一個活塞總成參加它的一次旋轉(zhuǎn)的運動。我們進入圓筒之內(nèi)為混合的進入需要一個通道和另外的放出二手的廢氣?？刂苹旌系臍怏w進入和廢氣的排氣我們需要活門，和這些叫做進氣門和排氣門。最后，我們需要在缸的

80、頂端中點燃混合的一些方法，部份認為燃燒室； 而且為這我們使用一個火花塞。</p><p>　　安排氣門的正時和點火的正時達到我們能控制事件的整個序列而且作活塞動作在和在車輪運轉(zhuǎn)。</p><p><b>　　氣缸</b></p><p>　　汽車發(fā)動機可能有四，六，或八個氣缸。審查圖 1 。這些氣缸在發(fā)動機的一個在頂端氣缸區(qū)段中通常被裝。在氣缸

81、區(qū)段是包含兩個橋、活塞總成和凸輪軸的曲橋箱之下。因為你讀，活塞總成因氣缸中的活塞的向外運動而考慮?；钊偝傻倪@次旋轉(zhuǎn)運動傳輸對驅(qū)動輪經(jīng)過齒輪箱被發(fā)動機發(fā)展的力量而且啟動汽車。</p><p>　　當(dāng)活塞總成替換它也引起在曲橋箱中依傍它躺臥的凸輪軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)。如凸輪軸替換，它依傍在氣缸的頂端打開而且關(guān)上活瓣的每個氣缸強行上升竿。</p><p>　　對每個氣缸有兩個氣門。當(dāng)它被打開時，插入物氣門

82、讓空氣和汽油進去氣缸的燃燒室。當(dāng)在室的燃燒被允許流漏之后，排氣氣門被打開被形成的瓦斯。這些瓦斯經(jīng)過一個排氣管被引導(dǎo)遠離汽車。</p><p>　　讓我們更詳細地調(diào)查氣缸之一的行動。審查圖 2 。以插入物在活塞中（一）在氣缸的頂端附近氣門公開和排氣氣門關(guān)閉，如果活塞總成是用手或藉著起動器馬達，轉(zhuǎn)活塞被連接竿所畫向下和一項汽油－空氣混合匆促的費用在。當(dāng)活塞到達插入物氣門因春天的行動而關(guān)閉的它的筆劃的底部。這筆劃叫做歸

83、納法筆劃。</p><p>　　在 （b）兩者的氣門被關(guān)閉和活塞總成向上強迫活塞在氣缸的頂端中壓縮混合。這，當(dāng)時，叫做’壓縮’筆劃。向壓縮的結(jié)束劃尾槳閃爍塞子的火花導(dǎo)致混合點燃。</p><p>　　在我們里面（c）見到燃燒的熱已經(jīng)在燃燒室中引起在壓力方面的迅速提高，而且這已經(jīng)把活塞強迫下來。經(jīng)過連接竿，活塞導(dǎo)致活塞總成繼續(xù)替換。這筆劃叫做’擴充’或者 " 筆劃有力量 "

84、; ，而且我們現(xiàn)在能說發(fā)動機已經(jīng) " 點燃 " 。在</p><p>　　這筆劃，當(dāng)做活塞總成替換，靠引起凸輪軸它繼續(xù)替換，凸輪之一在凸輪軸上強行上升導(dǎo)致排氣氣門打開的竿，讓廢氣流漏。</p><p>　　在我們里面（d）見到第四個和最后一筆劃，" 用盡 " 筆劃。排氣氣門已經(jīng)被強迫開著的藉著凸輪軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)，和活塞總成，繼續(xù)替換，在氣缸上面駕駛活塞背面

85、，擠出廢氣。在這筆劃結(jié)束的時候，排氣氣門因春天的行動，和凸輪軸而關(guān)閉，繼續(xù)替換，強行上升第二支竿強迫插入物氣門公開?，F(xiàn)在氣缸將會受到汽油－空氣混合的另一項費用和四筆劃， '歸納法’， '壓縮’的序列, '擴充’或者 ", 有力量 " 而且 " 用盡 ", 將會再次開始。</p><p>　　因為有四筆劃的序列，或 " 循環(huán) ",

86、在這類型的內(nèi)在燃燒發(fā)動機中，它叫做一個四筆劃的發(fā)動機。也有兩一筆劃用的發(fā)動機，舉例來說，為馬達的摩托車，而且為一些馬達循環(huán)。</p><p>　　讓我們用四個氣缸想到一輛汽車。記得它只有在力量被傳送到的擴充筆劃上讓活塞總成輻狀。讓我們數(shù)氣缸， 1,2,3,4. 他們可能以這順序傳輸力量。1,2,4,3. 這意謂，當(dāng)號 1個氣缸在擴充筆劃上時， 2 號在壓縮筆劃上， 4 號在歸納法筆劃上，而且號 3個氣缸在排氣筆劃

87、上。這四個活塞，在他們的氣缸內(nèi)上下地移動以這順序，推向下竿在不同時間對活塞總成連接和在不同的點沿著它的橋。這使活塞總成保持回轉(zhuǎn)和活塞總成，當(dāng)齒輪是忙碌的，使汽車保持感人。</p><p>　　2. 燃料和點火系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　燃料系統(tǒng)包括一個燃料箱，一個燃料泵，和一個噴油裝置。</p><p>　　燃料泵可能被操作或機械地從發(fā)動機凸輪軸或電地。它的功能是抽來

88、自汽油箱的汽油而且遞送它給噴油裝置。它包含一個好填充物排除灰塵或者可能發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的方法進入戰(zhàn)車的污垢的粒子。</p><p>　　噴油裝置在插入物管、或插入物導(dǎo)致每個氣缸的插入物氣門的 " 復(fù)寫 " 上被裝。它的功能將與碳化合 ", 或為氣缸的燃燒混合、必需汽油和空氣。它自動地管理汽油和空氣的比例以及讓駕駛員控制混合的遞送的比率，而且因此改變發(fā)動機的速度。</p><

89、;p>　　見圖 3 。 這是一個簡單類型的噴油裝置。它利用一個燃料水庫或者 " 漂流物室 " 到哪一個汽油被汽油泵抽。汽油的水平在。室是漂流物的行動的被保持的常數(shù)，因為它以汽油上升，當(dāng)正確的水平被達成時，關(guān)一個針氣門。從漂流物室流程到位于狹窄的管的小噴氣式飛機的汽油呼叫抗流圈管。當(dāng)發(fā)動機正在跑，也就是 當(dāng)活塞正在上下地在氣缸中移動，空氣被畫在和經(jīng)過抗流圈管的途徑。在這里它進入發(fā)動機的插入物復(fù)印本之內(nèi)在外和汽油和

90、途徑混合在一起。大的混合允許對途徑被一個蝴蝶氣門控制，或 " 扼喉嚨 ", 位于在噴油裝置出口中。這一個氣門被加速者踏板操作。一個空氣清潔工人可能被連接到空氣插入物進入發(fā)動機潤滑油，它能引起發(fā)動機穿著增加之內(nèi)從空氣移開灰塵而且阻止它進入氣缸而且墜落。</p><p>　　空氣和汽油的比例必需的以不同發(fā)動機速度自動地被控制。當(dāng)開始一個寒冷發(fā)動機一個非常富有的混合，一與晾干制的汽油較高的比例，被需

91、要。這藉由限制進入噴油裝置的大量的空氣被獲得。在大多數(shù)汽車中，駕駛員藉由拉出一個拉手利做這呼叫抗流圈和這部分關(guān)將空氣攜帶到氣缸的管。駕駛員一定記得去推動抗流圈在再次盡快地在開始之后避免對燃料的發(fā)動機和廢棄物的傷害。</p><p><b>　　點火系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　點火系統(tǒng)的功能將提供在燃燒室中的火花在正確的立即點燃汽油和空氣的混合。系統(tǒng)也不多數(shù)包含卷

92、，一個經(jīng)銷商，而且閃爍塞子。</p><p>　　卷生產(chǎn)高電壓沖動必需的在閃爍塞子作火花。它真的有絕緣的電線兩卷創(chuàng)傷一在另一個以便內(nèi)部者的旋轉(zhuǎn)的數(shù)字， " 中級的 " 的周圍，卷在外部、 " 主要的 " 者,卷中比那棒許多。</p><p>　　低的電壓被提供給主要的卷而且突然打斷。在非常非常高的電壓的片刻一種沖動正在在中級的卷中感應(yīng)。6 或 12

93、伏特的電壓提供給主要、低的一緊張，卷造成從中級、高度緊張，卷被獲得的 10,000 伏特 10,000 伏特更多的電壓。當(dāng)汽車被開始低壓的補給是由汽車電池提供。</p><p>　　記得低壓的補給一定突然被打破生產(chǎn)中級的卷的高壓的補給。這在一個器具被做打電話給經(jīng)銷商。經(jīng)銷商在卷和閃爍塞子之間被放置。</p><p>　　在經(jīng)銷商內(nèi)是連絡(luò)點。他們之間的連絡(luò)被一個分別地強迫他們的回轉(zhuǎn)的凸輪打破

94、。然后他們被一起再次強迫春天壓迫對抗手臂把持一連絡(luò)。它是何時連絡(luò)點被分別地強迫低一緊張補給，對卷經(jīng)過一個領(lǐng)引，突然被打斷。</p><p>　　第二個領(lǐng)引，從卷去回到經(jīng)銷商，向經(jīng)銷商頭提供高壓的 （H.T.）補給。從在那里其他領(lǐng)引分配 H 。T。這閃爍提供給每個依次插入。</p><p>　　你將會記得汽車的每個氣缸有一個閃爍塞子。閃爍塞子的金屬制部份進入氣缸的燃燒室之內(nèi)被扭緊。塞子用他們

95、之間的一個小縫隙包含兩個電極。當(dāng)塞子受到火花當(dāng)做沖動被引起的經(jīng)銷商的一種高壓的沖動跳躍這兩個電極之間的縫隙。這火花在燃燒室中點燃汽油－空氣的混合。</p><p><b>　　3. 冷卻和潤滑</b></p><p>　　在發(fā)動機的混合的燃燒自然地作很多熱，而且發(fā)動機不能被允許變成過熱。冷卻系統(tǒng)的功能將控制這熱。</p><p>　　發(fā)動機可能

96、是被冷卻的水或空氣，但是巨大的多數(shù)是被冷卻的水。水穿戴在盈余上面圍住氣缸精選的水夾克從發(fā)動機和熱的水上升加熱。它然后流通過暖器爐，它越過暖器爐管，和回返被空氣的通道冷卻到水夾克的底部。一個狂熱者，從發(fā)動機活塞總成被驅(qū)使，藉由經(jīng)過暖器爐以低速增加氣流協(xié)助冷卻。一個泵可能被用來幫助流通水。</p><p>　　發(fā)動機也一定被禁止賽跑太涼爽的因此水的溫度通常在特定極限里面被即是一個自動調(diào)溫器的裝置的行動所控制。這喝不同

97、水的循環(huán)的效果以便，舉例來說，當(dāng)發(fā)動機首先被啟動比較少的水被允許流通和發(fā)動機很快地作準(zhǔn)備動作。</p><p>　　冷卻系統(tǒng)能，當(dāng)然，凍結(jié)在非常寒冷的天氣方面上面，和這能造成相當(dāng)多的損害。對于這理由，增加好防凍劑解決是適當(dāng)?shù)?，在那之上能被留在到處將會在冬天避免凍結(jié)而且使系統(tǒng)免于腐蝕所有的年回合的夏天。</p><p><b>　　潤滑系統(tǒng)</b></p>

98、<p>　　潤滑是必需的讓兩個主要部份理由在發(fā)動機中減少摩擦而且穿著，和幫助拿走是從活塞總成和凸輪軸考慮進曲橋箱，從活塞的支座加熱，而且從另一個工作分開。此外，它幫助活塞戒指在燃燒瓦斯中封閉，阻止他們進入氣缸之內(nèi)逃脫向下。（這些活塞戒指是被適合在每個活塞的頂端周圍的凹槽的戒指。)</p><p>　　多數(shù)發(fā)動機有什么即是 " 力量飼養(yǎng) ", 或壓力，潤滑系統(tǒng)。曲橋箱的底部被一個張－

99、金屬的平鍋，或’污水坑’附上。這經(jīng)過用了油支撐發(fā)動機潤滑油而且有一個排水溝塞子可能被排出溝外離開。一個泵拉污水坑的油而且經(jīng)過一個過濾器抽它和透過通道當(dāng)時，呼叫’油方法’,對活塞總成的支座和凸輪軸，以及對氣門齒輪。同時，從支座流動的油在曲橋箱中形成油霧，而且這霧潤滑氣缸墻壁。</p><p>　　一個警告的光或油因系統(tǒng)的油的壓力而控制的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)度量通常被提供，以便當(dāng)系統(tǒng)沒有在動作，而且油沒有在適當(dāng)?shù)亓魍〞r，駕駛員將會知

100、道。如果系統(tǒng)沒有在適當(dāng)?shù)貏幼鞴ぷ鞑糠菘赡茏プ≡诙疑厦嬖斐蓪ζ嚢l(fā)動機的嚴重傷害。它因此，是必要的讓駕駛員停止發(fā)動機一旦他見到被發(fā)生的他的警告光就。</p><p><b>　　4. 制動</b></p><p>　　制動功能藉由在摩擦中吸收，能源根據(jù)感人的汽車持有。在如此做他們把能源轉(zhuǎn)換成熱。</p><p>　　有制動的兩類型、鼓制動和圓盤