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    • 簡介:TCLEE2009LIFELINEEARTHQUAKEENGINEERINGINAMULTIHAZARDENVIRONMENT?2009ASCE909TCLEE20091SEISMICDESIGNCRITERIAFORPILESUPPORTEDWHARVESATTHEPORTOFLONGBEACHCHENGLAI1,SE,MASCE,OMARAJARADAT2,PHD,PE,MASCE,MAXWEISMAIR3,SE,ANDARULKARULMOLI4,PHD,GE,FASCE1SENIORSTRUCTURALENGINEER,PORTOFLONGBEACH,925HARBORPLAZA,LONGBEACH,CA90802,LAIPOLBCOM,2SENIORPROJECTMANAGER,MOFFATTNEWDETAILSANDPRACTICESFORTHEDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONOFWHARVESWEREDEVELOPEDANDFOLLOWEDBYNEWCODESANDGUIDELINESFORPORTSTRUCTURESTHISWORK,HOWEVER,WASDRIVENBYDIFFERENTAUTHORITIES,OFTENNOTCLOSELYCOORDINATEDCODEWRITINGAUTHORITIES,OWNERSPORTS,ANDCONSULTANTSASARESULTOFTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTINTHISFIELD,THERESULTINGDOCUMENTSFORTHESEISMICDESIGNOFWHARVESMADETHEIRINTERPRETATIONSOMETIMESDIFFICULTPOLBRECOGNIZEDTHENEEDFORUNIFORMANDPORTSPECIFICGUIDELINESANDDEVELOPEDPORTSPECIFICWHARFDESIGNCRITERIATHISPAPERSPECIFICALLYADDRESSESTHESEISMICDESIGNCRITERIATHEYINCLUDEGROUNDMOTIONSANDPERFORMANCECRITERIA,GEOTECHNICALCONSIDERATIONSWITHPARTICULARATTENTIONTOSOILSTRUCTUREINTERACTION,STRUCTURALDESIGNANDANALYSISMETHODS,ANDSEISMICDETAILINGTHESESUBJECTSARESPECIFICALLYADJUSTEDFORSITESPECIFICCONDITIONSINPOLB,SUCHASSEISMICITY,FOUNDATIONSOILS,CONSTRUCTIONPRACTICESANDTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHEPORT’SENGINEERINGBUREAU,WHICHHADANIMPORTANTFUNCTIONINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECRITERIAALLSEISMICDESIGNANDANALYSISPROCEDURESAREBASEDONDISPLACEMENTBASEDPROCEDURESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECRITERIAWASREVIEWEDATVARIOUSSTAGESBYEXPERTSINSTRUCTURAL,GEOTECHNICAL,ANDEARTHQUAKEENGINEERINGDISCIPLINESANEXPERIMENTALPROGRAMVERIFIEDTHEANALYTICALASSUMPTIONSPOLB’SRECENTWHARFCONSTRUCTIONEXPERIENCECONFIRMEDTHEPRACTICALITYOFTHECONSTRUCTIONDETAILSITISANTICIPATEDTHATTHESECRITERIAWILLPROVIDEMOREUNIFORMITY,FOCUSONDESIGN,QUALITYASSURANCE,ANDMINIMIZECONSTRUCTIONCOSTS,WHILEPROVIDINGBETTERCOORDINATIONBETWEENPOLB’SENGINEERINGSTAFFANDCONSULTANTSDOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYCHANGSHAUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYON01/14/15COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVEDTCLEE2009TCLEE2009LIFELINEEARTHQUAKEENGINEERINGINAMULTIHAZARDENVIRONMENT?2009ASCE9113MECHANICS,INCANDP2SENGINEERING,INCTHEEXPERTREVIEWTEAMINCLUDEDDRNIGELPRIESTLEY,EMERITUSPROFESSOR,DEPARTMENTOFSTRUCTURALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,SANDIEGOANDDRGEOFFREYMARTIN,PROFESSOR,DEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFSOUTHERNCALIFORNIAWHARFDESIGNCRITERIATHEPOLBWDCDOCUMENTCONSISTSOFSIXSECTIONSCOVERINGFOURDIFFERENTASPECTSOFWHARFDESIGNINCLUDINGGEOTECHNICAL,STRUCTURAL,SEISMICANDELECTRICALTHISPAPERCOVERSTHEWDCSEISMICDESIGNASPECTSTHEWDCUTILIZESDISPLACEMENTBASEDDESIGNMETHODOLOGYANDUSESSTATEOFTHEARTINFORMATIONAVAILABLEINTHEAREASOFGEOLOGY,SEISMOLOGY,GEOTECHNICALENGINEERING,STRUCTURALENGINEERING,ANDSEISMICDESIGNTHREELEVELSEISMICHAZARDEVALUATIONCRITERIAAREUTILIZEDTHATALLOWTHEASSESSMENTOFSEISMICRISKSINAPRACTICALWAYTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSEISMICDESIGNCRITERIAINTHERECENTPASTWASDRIVENBYDIFFERENTAUTHORITIES,OFTENNOTCLOSELYCOORDINATEDCODEWRITINGAUTHORITIES,OWNERSPORTS,ANDCONSULTANTSASARESULTOFTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTINTHISFIELD,THERESULTINGDOCUMENTSFORTHESEISMICDESIGNOFWHARVESMADETHEIRINTERPRETATIONSOMETIMESDIFFICULTTHELONGBEACHMUNICIPALCODEREQUIRESABUILDINGPERMITFROMTHEDEPARTMENTOFDEVELOPMENTSERVICESFORTHECONSTRUCTIONOFWHARFSTRUCTURESATTHEPOLBTHEDEPARTMENTOFDEVELOPMENTSERVICESENFORCESTHECALIFORNIABUILDINGCODECBCREF3THATUSESFORCEBASEDDESIGNAPPROACHTHEWDCWILLHELPTOSTREAMLINETHEWHARFCONSTRUCTIONPERMITPROCESSWITHTHEDEPARTMENTOFDEVELOPMENTSERVICESTHESEISMICDESIGNCRITERIAAPPLYTOTHEDESIGNOFANEWWHARFASADUCTILEFRAMESYSTEMOFVERTICALPILESSUPPORTINGACONCRETEDECKTHREEEARTHQUAKELEVELSARECONSIDEREDTHEOPERATIONALLEVELEARTHQUAKEOLE,THECONTINGENCYLEVELEARTHQUAKECLE,ANDTHECODELEVELDESIGNEARTHQUAKEDETHESETHREEEARTHQUAKELEVELSCORRESPONDTODIFFERENTPROBABILITIESANDRETURNPERIODS,ANDARERELATEDTODIFFERENTLEVELSOFPERFORMANCECRITERIATHEACCEPTABLELEVELOFSTRUCTURALDAMAGEISCONTROLLEDBYCONCRETE,STEELANDSTRANDSTRAINLIMITSINTHEPILESTHEOLEHASAPROBABILITYOFEXCEEDANCEOF50IN50YEARSTHEWHARVESSHOULDREMAINOPERATIONALMINORDAMAGE,SUCHASSOMECRACKINGISPERMITTED,BUTNOSPALLINGOFTHEPILECOVERCONCRETEATTHEOLEFORTHECLE,WHICHHASAPROBABILITYOFEXCEEDANCEOF10IN50YEARS,THEWHARVESMAYBECOMETEMPORARILYNONOPERATIONAL,BUTTHEDAMAGEMUSTBEREPAIRABLEWITHINAREASONABLEAMOUNTOFTIMETHEDECORRESPONDSTOALARGERANDRAREEARTHQUAKETHANTHEOLEANDCLETHEDESEISMICHAZARDCRITERIAREQUIRETHATTHEWHARVESMUSTNOTCOLLAPSEANDMUSTNOTCOMPROMISELIFESAFETY,ASDEFINEDPERASCESTANDARD705ASCE,2006ACCEPTABLEANALYTICALMETHODSFORWHARFSEISMICDESIGNINCLUDEMODALRESPONSESPECTRUMANALYSIS,SINGLEMODETRANSVERSEANALYSIS,SUBSTITUTESTRUCTUREANALYSIS,ANDNONLINEARTIMEHISTORYANALYSISEXPECTEDMATERIALPROPERTIESAREDEFINEDFORDETERMININGPILESTIFFNESS,ANDGENERALANALYSISPROCEDURESAREDESCRIBEDGEOTECHNICALISSUESSUCHASSOILSTRUCTUREINTERACTIONANDLIQUEFACTIONSHALLBECONSIDEREDINTHEDESIGNTHECRITERIAALSODEFINETWOSEPARATELOADINGCONDITIONSTOCAPTURETHEEFFECTSOFSOILSTRUCTUREINTERACTIONDOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYCHANGSHAUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYON01/14/15COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVED
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    • 簡介:1SEISMICDESIGNCRITERIAFORPILESUPPORTEDWHARVESATTHEPORTOFLONGBEACHCHENGLAI1,SE,MASCE,OMARAJARADAT2,PHD,PE,MASCE,MAXWEISMAIR3,SE,ANDARULKARULMOLI4,PHD,GE,FASCE1SENIORSTRUCTURALENGINEER,PORTOFLONGBEACH,925HARBORPLAZA,LONGBEACH,CA90802,LAIPOLBCOM,2SENIORPROJECTMANAGER,MOFFATTNEWDETAILSANDPRACTICESFORTHEDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONOFWHARVESWEREDEVELOPEDANDFOLLOWEDBYNEWCODESANDGUIDELINESFORPORTSTRUCTURESTHISWORK,HOWEVER,WASDRIVENBYDIFFERENTAUTHORITIES,OFTENNOTCLOSELYCOORDINATEDCODEWRITINGAUTHORITIES,OWNERSPORTS,ANDCONSULTANTSASARESULTOFTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTINTHISFIELD,THERESULTINGDOCUMENTSFORTHESEISMICDESIGNOFWHARVESMADETHEIRINTERPRETATIONSOMETIMESDIFFICULTPOLBRECOGNIZEDTHENEEDFORUNIFORMANDPORTSPECIFICGUIDELINESANDDEVELOPEDPORTSPECIFICWHARFDESIGNCRITERIATHISPAPERSPECIFICALLYADDRESSESTHESEISMICDESIGNCRITERIATHEYINCLUDEGROUNDMOTIONSANDPERFORMANCECRITERIA,GEOTECHNICALCONSIDERATIONSWITHPARTICULARATTENTIONTOSOILSTRUCTUREINTERACTION,STRUCTURALDESIGNANDANALYSISMETHODS,ANDSEISMICDETAILINGTHESESUBJECTSARESPECIFICALLYADJUSTEDFORSITESPECIFICCONDITIONSINPOLB,SUCHASSEISMICITY,FOUNDATIONSOILS,CONSTRUCTIONPRACTICESANDTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHEPORT’SENGINEERINGBUREAU,WHICHHADANIMPORTANTFUNCTIONINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECRITERIAALLSEISMICDESIGNANDANALYSISPROCEDURESAREBASEDONDISPLACEMENTBASEDPROCEDURESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECRITERIAWASREVIEWEDATVARIOUSSTAGESBYEXPERTSINSTRUCTURAL,GEOTECHNICAL,ANDEARTHQUAKEENGINEERINGDISCIPLINESANEXPERIMENTALPROGRAMVERIFIEDTHEANALYTICALASSUMPTIONSPOLB’SRECENTWHARFCONSTRUCTIONEXPERIENCECONFIRMEDTHEPRACTICALITYOFTHECONSTRUCTIONDETAILSITISANTICIPATEDTHATTHESECRITERIAWILLPROVIDEMOREUNIFORMITY,FOCUSONDESIGN,QUALITYASSURANCE,ANDMINIMIZECONSTRUCTIONCOSTS,WHILEPROVIDINGBETTERCOORDINATIONBETWEENPOLB’SENGINEERINGSTAFFANDCONSULTANTSTCLEE2009LIFELINEEARTHQUAKEENGINEERINGINAMULTIHAZARDENVIRONMENT?2009ASCE909TCLEE2009DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYCHANGSHAUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYON01/14/15COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVED3MECHANICS,INCANDP2SENGINEERING,INCTHEEXPERTREVIEWTEAMINCLUDEDDRNIGELPRIESTLEY,EMERITUSPROFESSOR,DEPARTMENTOFSTRUCTURALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,SANDIEGOANDDRGEOFFREYMARTIN,PROFESSOR,DEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFSOUTHERNCALIFORNIAWHARFDESIGNCRITERIATHEPOLBWDCDOCUMENTCONSISTSOFSIXSECTIONSCOVERINGFOURDIFFERENTASPECTSOFWHARFDESIGNINCLUDINGGEOTECHNICAL,STRUCTURAL,SEISMICANDELECTRICALTHISPAPERCOVERSTHEWDCSEISMICDESIGNASPECTSTHEWDCUTILIZESDISPLACEMENTBASEDDESIGNMETHODOLOGYANDUSESSTATEOFTHEARTINFORMATIONAVAILABLEINTHEAREASOFGEOLOGY,SEISMOLOGY,GEOTECHNICALENGINEERING,STRUCTURALENGINEERING,ANDSEISMICDESIGNTHREELEVELSEISMICHAZARDEVALUATIONCRITERIAAREUTILIZEDTHATALLOWTHEASSESSMENTOFSEISMICRISKSINAPRACTICALWAYTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSEISMICDESIGNCRITERIAINTHERECENTPASTWASDRIVENBYDIFFERENTAUTHORITIES,OFTENNOTCLOSELYCOORDINATEDCODEWRITINGAUTHORITIES,OWNERSPORTS,ANDCONSULTANTSASARESULTOFTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTINTHISFIELD,THERESULTINGDOCUMENTSFORTHESEISMICDESIGNOFWHARVESMADETHEIRINTERPRETATIONSOMETIMESDIFFICULTTHELONGBEACHMUNICIPALCODEREQUIRESABUILDINGPERMITFROMTHEDEPARTMENTOFDEVELOPMENTSERVICESFORTHECONSTRUCTIONOFWHARFSTRUCTURESATTHEPOLBTHEDEPARTMENTOFDEVELOPMENTSERVICESENFORCESTHECALIFORNIABUILDINGCODECBCREF3THATUSESFORCEBASEDDESIGNAPPROACHTHEWDCWILLHELPTOSTREAMLINETHEWHARFCONSTRUCTIONPERMITPROCESSWITHTHEDEPARTMENTOFDEVELOPMENTSERVICESTHESEISMICDESIGNCRITERIAAPPLYTOTHEDESIGNOFANEWWHARFASADUCTILEFRAMESYSTEMOFVERTICALPILESSUPPORTINGACONCRETEDECKTHREEEARTHQUAKELEVELSARECONSIDEREDTHEOPERATIONALLEVELEARTHQUAKEOLE,THECONTINGENCYLEVELEARTHQUAKECLE,ANDTHECODELEVELDESIGNEARTHQUAKEDETHESETHREEEARTHQUAKELEVELSCORRESPONDTODIFFERENTPROBABILITIESANDRETURNPERIODS,ANDARERELATEDTODIFFERENTLEVELSOFPERFORMANCECRITERIATHEACCEPTABLELEVELOFSTRUCTURALDAMAGEISCONTROLLEDBYCONCRETE,STEELANDSTRANDSTRAINLIMITSINTHEPILESTHEOLEHASAPROBABILITYOFEXCEEDANCEOF50IN50YEARSTHEWHARVESSHOULDREMAINOPERATIONALMINORDAMAGE,SUCHASSOMECRACKINGISPERMITTED,BUTNOSPALLINGOFTHEPILECOVERCONCRETEATTHEOLEFORTHECLE,WHICHHASAPROBABILITYOFEXCEEDANCEOF10IN50YEARS,THEWHARVESMAYBECOMETEMPORARILYNONOPERATIONAL,BUTTHEDAMAGEMUSTBEREPAIRABLEWITHINAREASONABLEAMOUNTOFTIMETHEDECORRESPONDSTOALARGERANDRAREEARTHQUAKETHANTHEOLEANDCLETHEDESEISMICHAZARDCRITERIAREQUIRETHATTHEWHARVESMUSTNOTCOLLAPSEANDMUSTNOTCOMPROMISELIFESAFETY,ASDEFINEDPERASCESTANDARD705ASCE,2006ACCEPTABLEANALYTICALMETHODSFORWHARFSEISMICDESIGNINCLUDEMODALRESPONSESPECTRUMANALYSIS,SINGLEMODETRANSVERSEANALYSIS,SUBSTITUTESTRUCTUREANALYSIS,ANDNONLINEARTIMEHISTORYANALYSISEXPECTEDMATERIALPROPERTIESAREDEFINEDFORDETERMININGPILESTIFFNESS,ANDGENERALANALYSISPROCEDURESAREDESCRIBEDGEOTECHNICALISSUESSUCHASSOILSTRUCTUREINTERACTIONANDLIQUEFACTIONSHALLBECONSIDEREDINTHEDESIGNTHECRITERIAALSODEFINETWOSEPARATELOADINGCONDITIONSTOCAPTURETHEEFFECTSOFSOILSTRUCTUREINTERACTIONTCLEE2009LIFELINEEARTHQUAKEENGINEERINGINAMULTIHAZARDENVIRONMENT?2009ASCE911TCLEE2009DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYCHANGSHAUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYON01/14/15COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVED
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    • 簡介:PAGE1高電壓技術課程設計高電壓技術課程設計沖擊電壓發(fā)生器的設計班級姓名學號指導老師PAGE3二、沖擊電壓發(fā)生器的功用及原理二、沖擊電壓發(fā)生器的功用及原理沖擊電壓發(fā)生器是一種產(chǎn)生脈沖波的高電壓發(fā)生裝置。原先它只被用于研究電力設備遭受大氣過電壓(雷擊)時的絕緣性能,近年來又被用于研究電力設備遭受操作過電壓時的絕緣性能。所以對沖擊電壓發(fā)生器的要求,不僅能產(chǎn)生出現(xiàn)在電力設備上的雷電波形,還能產(chǎn)生操作過電壓波形。沖擊電壓的破壞作用不僅決定于幅值,還與波形陡度有關,對某些設備要采用截斷波來進行試驗。沖擊電壓發(fā)生器要滿足兩個要求首先要能輸出幾十萬到幾百萬伏的電壓,同時這電壓要具有一定的波形。它的原理圖如圖2。實驗變壓器T和高壓硅堆D構成整流電源,經(jīng)過保護電阻R及充電電阻R向主電容器C1C4充電,充電到U,出現(xiàn)在球隙G1G4上的電位差也為U,若事先把球間隙距離調到稍大于U,球隙不會放電。當需要使沖擊機動作時,可向點火球隙的針極送去一脈沖電壓,針極和球皮只見產(chǎn)生一小火花,引起點火球隙放電,于是電容器C1的上極板經(jīng)G1接地,點1電位由地電位變?yōu)閁。電容器C1與C2間有充電電阻R隔開,R比較大,在G1放電瞬間,點2和點3電位不可能突然改變,點3電位仍為U,中間球隙G2上的電位差突然升到2U,G2馬上放電,于是點2電位變?yōu)?U。同理,G3,G4也跟著放電,電容器C1C4串聯(lián)起來了,最后球隙G0也放電,此時輸出電壓為C1C4上電壓的總和,即4U。上述一系列過程可被概括為“電容器并聯(lián)充電,而后串聯(lián)放電”。
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