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簡(jiǎn)介：ONTHECOMPARISONOFTIMOSHENKOANDSHEARMODELSINBEAMDYNAMICSNO?LCHALLAMEL1ABSTRACTTHECLASSICALTIMOSHENKOBEAMMODELANDTHESHEARBEAMMODELAREOFTENUSEDTOMODELSHEARBUILDINGBEHAVIORBOTHFORSTABILITYORDYNAMICANALYSISTHISTECHNICALNOTEQUESTIONSTHETHEORETICALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENBOTHMODELSFORLARGEVALUESOFBENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERTHESIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMISANALYTICALLYSTUDIEDFORBOTHMODELSASYMPTOTICSOLUTIONSAREOBTAINEDFORLARGEVALUESOFBENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERINTHEGENERALCASE,ITISPROVENTHATTHESHEARBEAMMODELCANNOTBEDEDUCEDFROMTHETIMOSHENKOMODEL,BYCONSIDERINGLARGEVALUESOFBENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERTHISISONLYACHIEVEDFORSPECIFICGEOMETRICALPARAMETERINTHEPRESENTEXAMPLEASACONCLUSION,THECAPABILITYOFTHESHEARMODELTOAPPROXIMATETIMOSHENKOMODELFORLARGEVALUESOFBENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERISFIRMLYDEPENDENTONTHEMATERIALANDGEOMETRICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEBEAMSECTIONANDONTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSDOI101061/?ASCE?07339399?2006?13210?1141?CEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSSHEARWAVESSTRUCTURALDYNAMICSDYNAMICMODELSBEAMSCOMPARATIVESTUDIESINTRODUCTIONTHECLASSICALTIMOSHENKOBEAMMODEL?TIMOSHENKO1921,1922?ANDTHESHEARBEAMMODEL?SEEFORINSTANCEKAUSEL2002?AREOFTENUSEDTOMODELSHEARBUILDINGBEHAVIORBOTHFORSTABILITYORDYNAMICANALYSISTHISTECHNICALNOTEQUESTIONSTHETHEORETICALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENBOTHMODELSFORLARGEVALUESOFBENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERARISTIZABALOCHOA?2004?COMPARESTHESETWOMODELSANDSUGGESTSARELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESETWOMODELSBYCONSIDERINGLARGEVALUESOFADIMENSIONLESSPARAMETERS2,ABENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERTHISTECHNICALNOTESHOWSONASIMPLEEXAMPLETHATTHISPARAMETERMAYBENOTSUFFICIENTTOLINKBOTHTHEORIESEQUATIONSOFMOTIONTIMOSHENKOMODELTHEGOVERNINGEQUATIONSOFTHETIMOSHENKOMODELAREM?2Y?T2?ASG?2Y?X2ASG???X0?1?MR2?2??T2?ASG??Y?X????EI?2??X20THEBEAMISMADEOFAHOMOGENEOUSLINEARELASTICMATERIALWITHMODULIE?YOUNGMODULUS?ANDG?TRANSVERSESHEARMODULUS?ITSTRANSVERSECROSSSECTIONISDOUBLYSYMMETRICWITHANEFFECTIVESHEARAREADENOTEDBYASANDAPRINCIPALMOMENTOFINERTIAIAR2?R?RADIUSOFGYRATIONOFTHECROSSSECTIONANDA?TOTALAREA?THEEFFECTIVEAREAASCANALSOBEDENOTEDBY?A?,THESOCALLEDSHEARCORRECTIONCOEFFICIENT,ISADIMENSIONLESSFACTORWHICHGIVESTHERATIOOFTHEAVERAGESTRAINONASECTIONTOTHESHEARSTRAINATTHECENTROIDITSVALUEISDEPENDENTONTHESHAPEOFCROSSSECTION,BUTALSOONTHEMATERIAL’SPOISSONRATIO??SEE,FORINSTANCE,COWPER1966?THEUNIFORMMASSPERUNITOFLENGTHISDENOTEDBYMY?AVERAGEDISPLACEMENTAND??AVERAGESLOPE,BOTHFUNCTIONOFTHETIMETANDTHESPATIALCOORDINATEXTHEROTATIONANGLE?CANBEEVALUATEDFROMTHEFIRSTOFTHESEEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPSEQ?1?ANDSUBSTITUTEDINTOTHESECOND,LEAVINGTHETRANSVERSEDISPLACEMENTYASTHEONLYVARIABLEEI?4Y?X4M?2Y?T2??MR2MEIASG??4Y?X2?T2M2R2ASG?4Y?T40?2?ONEWOULDOBTAINTHESAMEDIFFERENTIALOPERATORFORTHECROSSSECTIONALROTATIONANGLE?CHENG1970?EI?4??X4M?2??T2??MR2MEIASG??4??X2?T2M2R2ASG?4??T40?3?THESIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMOFLENGTHLISSTUDIEDTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSARETHENREDUCEDTO???X?0,T????X?L,T?Y?0,T?Y?L,T?0?4?OFCOURSE,OTHERTYPESOFBOUNDARYCONDITIONSCANBETREATED?HUANG1961,FORINSTANCE?BUTACOMPARISONWITHOTHERBEAMMODELSWILLBEFACILITATEDBYTHEAVAILABLECLOSEDFORMSOLUTIONSOFTHISSIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMTHESOLUTIONOFEQ?2?ISSOUGHTOFTHEFORMY?X,T???X?SIN?NT?5?1ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR,LABORATOIREDEGéNIECIVILETGéNIEMéCANIQUE?LGCGM?,INSADERENNES,20AVDESBUTTESDECO?SMES,35043RENNESCEDEX,FRANCEEMAILNOELCHALLAMELINSARENNESFRNOTEASSOCIATEEDITORHAYDERARASHEEDDISCUSSIONOPENUNTILMARCH1,2007SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTOEXTENDTHECLOSINGDATEBYONEMONTH,AWRITTENREQUESTMUSTBEFILEDWITHTHEASCEMANAGINGEDITORTHEMANUSCRIPTFORTHISTECHNICALNOTEWASSUBMITTEDFORREVIEWANDPOSSIBLEPUBLICATIONONMARCH17,2005APPROVEDONJANUARY25,2006THISTECHNICALNOTEISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFENGINEERINGMECHANICS,VOL132,NO10,OCTOBER1,2006?ASCE,ISSN07339399/2006/101141–1145/2500JOURNALOFENGINEERINGMECHANICS?ASCE/OCTOBER2006/1141JENGMECH200613211411145DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYUNIVERSITYOFLIVERPOOLON04/19/15COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVEDTHEFUNCTIONOFTHELATERALDEFLECTION?ISNOWEXPRESSEDASFOLLOWS??X?C1COS??NX?C2SIN??NX?C3COS??NX?C4SIN??NX??17?NOTETHEDIFFERENCEINTHEEIGENFUNCTIONSBETWEENCASES1AND2THENATURALFREQUENCIESARESIMPLYOBTAINEDUSINGTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSINEQ?8??NN?AND?NN??18?ITCANBEREMARKEDTHATTHISSECONDCASEISOFTENOMITTEDINTHELITERATUREASYMPTOTICANALYSISEIGENFUNCTIONSDEPENDONTHEFREQUENCYDEPENDENTEQ?12?INANYCASE,ITISNOTDIFFICULTTOSHOWTHATINBOTHCASES,THENATURALFREQUENCYISGIVENBYTHEFOLLOWINGEQUATIONBN4R2S2?BN2?N2?2?R2S2?1?N4?40?19?THEEULER–BERNOULLISOLUTIONISFOUNDBYSETTINGRS0TBNN2?2?20?ITCANBEMOREOVERSTATEDTHATS2?1?21?THISASSUMPTIONISOFTENFORMULATEDINORDERTOJUSTIFYTHEASSUMPTIONOFTHESHEARMODEL?SEEFORINSTANCEARISTIZABALOCHOA2004?INTHISCASE,EQ?19?ISREDUCEDTOBN4R2S2?BN2N2?2?R2S2??1??N4?40WHERE?1N2?2?R2S2??22?INCASEOFEQ?21?,??SMALLPARAMETER???1/?N?S?2?THEFOLLOWINGPERTURBATIONEXPANSIONFORTHESOLUTIONOFEQ?22?ISOBTAINEDFROMTHEASYMPTOTICSEQUENCE?SEEFORINSTANCEBUSH1992?BN2BN2?0??BN2?1??2BN2?2?ˉ?23?SUBSTITUTINGTHEASSUMEDEXPANSIONINTOEQ?22?YIELDSTHEEQUATIONBN2?N2?2R2?1?R2S2S2?R2?ˉORN2?2S2?1?R2S2R2?S2?ˉ??24?THECASERSISASPECIALCASEFORWHICHANOTHERPERTURBATIONEXPANSIONHAS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簡(jiǎn)介：STRUCTUREANDPROPERTIESOFTHEFE3ALTYPEINTERMETALLICALLOYFABRICATEDBYLASERENGINEEREDNETSHAPINGLENSTOMASZDUREJKOA,MICHA?ZI?TALAA,MAGDA?AZI?SKAA,STANIS?AWLIPI?SKIA,WOJCIECHPOLKOWSKIA,TOMASZCZUJKOA,N,ROBERTAVARINBADEPARTMENTOFADVANCEDMATERIALSANDTECHNOLOGIES,MILITARYUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,2GENSKALISKIEGOSTREET,PL00908WARSAW,POLANDBDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALANDMECHATRONICSENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFWATERLOO,WATERLOO,ONT,CANADAN2L3G1ARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED25JULY2015RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM22SEPTEMBER2015ACCEPTED20OCTOBER2015AVAILABLEONLINE22OCTOBER2015KEYWORDSINTERMETALLICSMECHANICALCHARACTERIZATIONADDITIVEMANUFACTURINGABSTRACTTHEMICROSTRUCTUREANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFTHEFE3AL–035ZR–01BALLOYFABRICATEDBYTHELASERENGINEEREDNETSHAPINGLENSTECHNIQUEAREPRESENTEDPROPERTECHNOLOGICALPARAMETERSOFTHELENSMANUFACTURINGPROCESSWERESELECTEDTOOBTAINELEMENTSWITHAMINIMALPOROSITYANDASATISFACTORYSHAPECONGRUENCYTHEFE3ALBASEDALLOYSAMPLESFABRICATEDBYTHELENSTECHNIQUEARECHARACTERIZEDBYAHOMOGENOUSCHEMICALCOMPOSITIONANDDIVERSIFIEDGRAINMORPHOLOGYWITHCOLUMNARGRAINSATTHEBOTTOMANDEQUIAXEDGRAINSATTHECENTERANDEDGEINTHEANALYZEDSAMPLEPHASEANALYSISSHOWEDTHEPRESENCEOFB2ORDEREDFE3ALINTERMETALLICANDFE,AL2ZRLAVESPHASESANISOTHERMALANNEALINGCARRIEDOUTAT450°CFOR50HLEDTOAPHASETRANSFORMATIONFROMAB2TOANEQUILIBRIUMD03PHASETHEFE3ALBASEDALLOYSAMPLESWITHTHEB2STRUCTURE,DIRECTLYAFTERTHELENSPROCESSANDWITHTHED03STRUCTUREAFTERANNEALING,EXHIBITEDSIMILARYIELDSTRENGTHANDULTIMATETENSILESTRENGTHHOWEVER,THEPRESENCEOFTHED03STRUCTURECAUSEDANOTICEABLEINCREASEOFELONGATION,ESPECIALLYATELEVATEDTEMPERATURES2015PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBV1INTRODUCTIONTHEORDEREDINTERMETALLICALLOYSBASEDONALUMINIDESOFTRANSITIONMETALSSUCHASIRON,TITANIUM,NICKEL,NIOBIUMANDCOBALTCANBEPOTENTIALLYAPPLIEDATTEMPERATURESHIGHERTHANTHOSEFORMODERNSUPERALLOYSWHILEOFFERINGBETTERSPECIFICMECHANICALPROPERTIESRESULTINGFROMTHEIRLOWERDENSITIESWITHINTHERANGE54?67G/CM31–5THEIRLARGECONTENTOFALUMINUM10–20ALLOWSFORTHEFORMATIONOFANIMPERVIOUSOXIDELAYERWHICHPREVENTSOXIDATION,SULFIDATIONANDCARBURIZATIONATTEMPERATURESAPPROACHING1000°CTHEFEALB2ANDFE3ALD03INTERMETALLICPHASESPOSSESSAHIGHRESISTANCETOOXIDATION,CORROSION,WEARANDCREEPABOVE600°C1–8ADDITIONALCREEPRESISTANCEISACHIEVEDBYALLOYINGWITHMO,HF,NB,ZR,ANDTA7–12DOPINGWITHZRLEADSTOTHEFORMATIONOFHARDFE,AL2ZRLAVESPHASEPRECIPITATESWHICHIMPROVETHEMECHANICALPROPERTIESATHIGHTEMPERATURES10–14THESEMATERIALSARECONSIDEREDFORVARIOUSHIGHTEMPERATUREAPPLICATIONS,SUCHASFURNACEFIXTURES,HEATEXCHANGERPIPES,CATALYTICCONVERTERSUBSTRATES,AUTOMOBILEANDOTHERINDUSTRIALVALVECOMPONENTSORPARTSTHATWORKINAMOLTENSALTENVIRONMENT5,15ASADRAWBACKTHEYEXHIBITINFERIORCASTABILITYORALARGECASTINGSHRINKAGE16THEREFORE,SINTERINGORHOTEXTRUSIONOFELEMENTARYPOWDERMIXTURESWEREAPPLIEDFORPRODUCINGTHEFEALORFE3ALALLOYS4,17–19HOWEVER,ANAPPLICATIONOFAPOWDERTECHNOLOGYTOTHEMANUFACTURINGOFFEALORFE3ALBASEDELEMENTSISASSOCIATEDWITHAHIGHENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDALOWPRODUCTIVITYWHICHRESULTINHIGHPRODUCTIONCOSTS17THEMOSTSUITABLETECHNOLOGYFORPROCESSINGOFINTERMETALLICBASEDALLOYSISADDITIVEMANUFACTURINGWHICH,SOFAR,HASBEENREPORTEDINONLYAFEWPAPERS20–22MOSTRECENTLY,DUREJKOETAL23REPORTEDASUCCESSFULFABRICATIONOFTHEFE3AL/SS316LGRADEDSTRUCTUREOBTAINEDBYUSINGTHELASERENGINEEREDNETSHAPINGLENSTECHNOLOGYINTHEPRESENTWORKAUTHORSAPPLIEDANOVELLENSMANUFACTURINGMETHODTOPRODUCEDENSE,FE3ALBASEDINTERMETALLICALLOYS,DOPEDWITHZIRCONIUMANDBORONTHELENSTECHNIQUEALLOWSASIMULTANEOUSINTRODUCTIONOFALLOYINGELEMENTSANDCONTROLOFSTRUCTUREANDEXTERNALGEOMETRYOFMANUFACTUREDFE3ALINTERMETALLICELEMENTS,PARTICULARLYFORHIGHTEMPERATUREAPPLICATIONSTHEPRESENTAPPROACHISFOCUSEDONFINDINGACORRELATIONBETWEENTHELENSPROCESSPARAMETERSANDRESULTINGMICROSTRUCTUREASACONSEQUENCE,ASELECTIONOFTHEPROCESSPARAMETERSTHATPRODUCEMATERIALSWITHTHEBESTPROPERTIESFORTHEIRPOTENTIALAPPLICATIONATELEVATEDTEMPERATURESISPROPOSEDANDDISCUSSEDCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/MSEAMATERIALSSCIENCEENGINEERINGAHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JMSEA20151007609215093/2015PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVNCORRESPONDINGAUTHORFAXT48226839445EMAILADDRESSTCZUJKOWATEDUPLTCZUJKOMATERIALSSCIENCEENGINEERINGA6502016374–381ECDVALUESABOVE50ΜM32EFFECTOFTHELENSPROCESSONTHEPOROSITYOFFABRICATEDCOMPONENTSTHERESULTINGFINALPOROSITYOFAFABRICATEDCOMPONENTISANIMPORTANTMICROSTRUCTURALCHARACTERISTICTHATDIRECTLYDEPENDSONTHELENSPROCESSPARAMETERSUNFORTUNATELY,THEFINALPOROSITYLEVELOFACOMPONENTISAVERYCOMPLEXFUNCTIONOFVARIOUSLENSPROCESSPARAMETERSANEXTENSIVEPRELIMINARYRESEARCHONTHESELECTIONOFWORKINGPARAMETERSHASBEENCARRIEDOUTTOFABRICATETHEFE3ALSAMPLETHATISCHARACTERIZEDBYALOWESTPOSSIBLEPOROSITY,ABSENCEOFCRACKSANDGOODREPRODUCTIONOFTHEMODELSSHAPETHETRIALSWEREPERFORMEDBYADJUSTINGTHELASERPOWERWITHINTHERANGE150–350W,WORKINGTABLEFEEDWITHINTHERANGE15–12MM/SANDPOWDERFLOWRATEWITHINTHERANGE035–28G/MINTHEPOWDERSWEREDEPOSITEDONTHESUBSTRATEMADEOFIRONARMCOWITHATHICKNESSOF11MMTHEFABRICATEDSAMPLESHADACYLINDRICALSHAPEWITHADIAMETEROF15MMANDAHEIGHTOF5MMBASEDONTHEOBTAINEDRESULTS,THEPLOTSOFTHEPOROSITYASAFUNCTIONOFTHEPOWDERFLOWRATE,LASERPOWERANDFEEDRATEARESHOWNINFIG2ITISOBSERV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簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文5350字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處DUREJKOT,ZI?TALAM,?AZI?SKAM,ETALSTRUCTUREANDPROPERTIESOFTHEFE3ALTYPEINTERMETALLICALLOYFABRICATEDBYLASERENGINEEREDNETSHAPINGLENSJMATERIALSSCIENCEMICHA?ZI?TALAMAGDA?AZI?SKASTANIS?AWLIPI?SKIWOJCIECHPOLKOWSKI,TOMASZCZUJKO,ROBERTAVARIN摘要摘要本文介紹了激光近凈成形（LENS）技術(shù)制造的FEAL035ZR01B合金的微觀組織結(jié)3構(gòu)和力學(xué)性能。通過選擇合理的工藝技術(shù)參數(shù)，可以獲得較低孔隙率和形狀一致性較好的結(jié)構(gòu)。獲得的FEAL基合金樣品化學(xué)成分均勻，而且成形結(jié)構(gòu)底部為柱狀晶，在中心和邊3緣為等軸晶。相分析結(jié)果表明，（成形結(jié)構(gòu)中）存在B2結(jié)構(gòu)的FEAL金屬間化合物相組3織和（FE，ALZRLAVES相組織。在450℃下進(jìn)行50小時(shí)等溫退火將會(huì)使B2向平衡的DO2結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變。雖然B2結(jié)構(gòu)的FEAL基合金成形樣品退火后轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镈O結(jié)構(gòu)，但屈服強(qiáng)度333和極限抗拉強(qiáng)度并未有明顯變化。然而，DO結(jié)構(gòu)將會(huì)導(dǎo)致伸長率顯著增加，特別是在升3高溫度情況下更加明顯。1引言引言基于諸如鐵，鈦，鎳，鈮和鈷的過渡金屬的鋁化物的有序金屬間合金可以在高于現(xiàn)代超級(jí)合金的溫度下使用，同時(shí)提供較好的比力學(xué)性能，這主要是因?yàn)樗鼈兊拿芏容^低，一般在54?67G/CM3。含有大量鋁元素（1020％）形成不透性氧化物層，可以接近1000℃的溫度下防止氧化，硫化和滲碳。FEAL（B2）和FEAL（DO）金屬間相在600℃33以上具有高的抗氧化，耐腐蝕，耐磨損和抗蠕變性。通過與MO，HF，NB，ZR和TA的合金化獲得更好的抗蠕變性712。摻雜ZR導(dǎo)致形成硬的（FE,ALZR拉夫斯相沉淀物，改222應(yīng)用材料和方法應(yīng)用材料和方法摻雜有鋯和硼的球形FEAL粉末具有以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化學(xué)組成FE30AL03ZR01B（AT3％），購自LERMPS（法國）。對(duì)初始粉末進(jìn)行粒度分布評(píng)價(jià)和化學(xué)元素組成分析。用KAMIKAIPSUA裝置（KAMIKAINSTRUMENTS，波蘭）進(jìn)行粒度的測(cè)量。使用所提供的軟件對(duì)至少100,000個(gè)顆粒進(jìn)行等效粒徑DI的分析。LENSMR7裝置制造FEAL基化合物樣品，調(diào)整以下工藝參數(shù)激光功率PW，進(jìn)3料速率FMM/S和粉末流速PFG/MIN。使用BP97D電子放電加工裝置（ZAPBP，波蘭）在垂直于襯底的方向切下LENS制造的樣品。隨后，對(duì)樣品進(jìn)行金相制備，例如用5002400SIC紙研磨，隨后用3025ΜM金剛石懸浮液拋光。在使用顯微鏡觀察之前，使用丙酮脫脂將分析的表面在超聲波清洗器中清洗干凈。通過使用以下試劑的化學(xué)蝕刻顯示顯微結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)節(jié)33％CHCOOH33％HNO33％HO1％HF。332使用NIKONECLIPSEMA200LIGHTMI對(duì)LENS制造的樣品晶粒結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行評(píng)估（NIKONINSTRUMENTSEUROPE，NETHERLANDS）。根據(jù)適當(dāng)?shù)墓酱_定以下立體參數(shù)●等效圓直徑ECD4/ECDP??其中P表示被分析對(duì)象的面積●形狀長寬比K?24/KPO???其中P表示分析的晶粒的面積，O表示分析對(duì)象的電路孔隙率孔隙的面積分?jǐn)?shù)。通過與FEIQUANTA3D場(chǎng)發(fā)射槍掃描電子顯微鏡（FEI，USA）耦合的能量色散光譜（EDS）裝置對(duì)樣品的選定區(qū)域中的化學(xué)組成進(jìn)行定性和定量分析。在20120°的2范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行，步長為002°。使用配備有鈷靶（波長為017889NM?的單色輻射）的SEIFERTXRD3003衍射儀（GEMEASUREMENTS＆CONTROL，德國）進(jìn)行X射線衍射（XRD）相分析。為了驗(yàn)證應(yīng)用加工對(duì)所研究樣品的機(jī)械性能的影響，進(jìn)行了維氏顯微硬度（SHIMADZU，JAPAN）測(cè)量和拉伸測(cè)試。前者在樣品的縱向截面上使用100G負(fù)載和5秒加

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簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文4250字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處MOUHMIDB,IMADA,BENSEDDIQN,ETALASTUDYOFTHEMECHANICALBEHAVIOUROFAGLASSFIBREREINFORCEDPOLYAMIDE6,6EXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONJPOLYMERTESTING,2006,254544552玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)尼龍66的力學(xué)性能研究實(shí)驗(yàn)研究BMOUHMIDAIMADNBENSEDDIQSBENMEDAKHèNEAMAAZOUZ摘要摘要在這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)工作中，我們研究了一種經(jīng)常使用在汽車工業(yè)的短玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)聚酰胺的力學(xué)性能。為了研究玻璃纖維含量、溫度和應(yīng)變速率的影響，我們?cè)跒樘畛涞木埘０泛筒ＡЮw維增強(qiáng)聚酰胺上面進(jìn)行了一系列的不同質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的單軸拉伸載荷，分別是質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為15、30和50。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明所研究的復(fù)合材料是一種應(yīng)變速率和溫度與纖維體積分?jǐn)?shù)有關(guān)的材料。彈性模量和拉伸強(qiáng)度都隨著應(yīng)變速率增加，隨著溫度減少。玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)尼龍66在其機(jī)械強(qiáng)度表現(xiàn)出改善。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化模數(shù)的演變和拉伸強(qiáng)度正如相對(duì)密度的函數(shù)一樣可以由一種類型的冪函數(shù)來說明。聲發(fā)射（AE）技術(shù)被認(rèn)為是用于非破壞性測(cè)試和材料評(píng)估的一個(gè)有效工具，聲發(fā)射技術(shù)已被用于確定損傷閾值，并在復(fù)合材料的研究中獲取有關(guān)斷裂機(jī)制的信息。掃描電子顯微鏡（SEM）分析被應(yīng)用在斷面上進(jìn)行可視化的損傷過程包括纖維斷裂、基體破裂和界面破裂。關(guān)鍵詞尼龍66，玻璃纖維，機(jī)械行為，損壞，聲發(fā)射1簡(jiǎn)介玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)聚酰胺在許多應(yīng)用中以增長的頻率被持續(xù)使用，如壓力功能性汽車零部件（燃料注射導(dǎo)軌，轉(zhuǎn)向柱開關(guān)）和運(yùn)動(dòng)休閑中的安全部分（滑雪板綁定）。因其剛度，韌性和耐動(dòng)態(tài)疲勞，這些材料是眾所周知的。纖維增強(qiáng)的熱塑性塑料化合物可通過常規(guī)的方法，如注射成型進(jìn)行處理，并相比未增強(qiáng)的化合物提供改進(jìn)機(jī)械性能。這些復(fù)合材料在許多工程應(yīng)用中因?yàn)樗鼈円子谥圃炜梢耘c金屬相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，重量輕并且經(jīng)濟(jì)。但是，也有關(guān)于材料缺陷的問題，如空隙和裂縫，這些空隙和裂縫可能存在或在三個(gè)區(qū)域之一引發(fā)基質(zhì)，纖維或纖維/基體界面1。含有短纖維的熱塑性復(fù)合材料的機(jī)械性能成為了一直備受關(guān)注的主題。這些性能是由于纖維和基體特性與橫跨纖維/基體界面?zhèn)鬟f應(yīng)力的能力的結(jié)合，并且依賴于噴射條件，如螺桿和機(jī)筒的參數(shù)，模具溫度和設(shè)計(jì)25。如纖維的比例、直徑，長度、方向和界面強(qiáng)度等變量在THOMASSON6和邵云福7所做的研究中對(duì)于熱塑性復(fù)合材料的最終性括在此情況下所有類型的損害。3結(jié)果與討論在這部分中，我們就一個(gè)內(nèi)在參數(shù)（玻璃纖維含量）和兩個(gè)外部參數(shù)（應(yīng)變速率Ε和溫度T）對(duì)拉伸彈性模量E，拉伸強(qiáng)度ΣR和破壞應(yīng)變?chǔ)的三個(gè)機(jī)械特性的的影響進(jìn)行了研究。31玻璃纖維含量的影響圖31表示出所研究的復(fù)合材料在T20℃和Ε56103S1條件下得到的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線。我們可以注意到增強(qiáng)材料表現(xiàn)出高的強(qiáng)度水平和低的變形能力的典型的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線。確實(shí)，玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)尼龍66呈現(xiàn)脆性行為具有約55％破壞應(yīng)變，而未增強(qiáng)尼龍66呈現(xiàn)約25％的破壞應(yīng)變韌性行為。該圖還清楚地表明，增加的纖維含量導(dǎo)致拉伸強(qiáng)度和彈性模量的增大。圖31在20℃和56103S1的條件下不同玻璃纖維含量的應(yīng)力的條件下不同玻璃纖維含量的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線應(yīng)變曲線為了解釋這些進(jìn)展，彈性模量和拉伸強(qiáng)度可以使用混合物方程式的規(guī)則的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行建模EΑΥFEF（1ΥF）EM和ΣRΒΥFΣRF（1ΥF）ΣRM，其中EF和ΣRF分別是纖維的模量和拉伸強(qiáng)度（EF76GPA、ΣRF3200MPA），EM和ΣRM分別是未增強(qiáng)尼龍66的模量和拉伸強(qiáng)度的實(shí)驗(yàn)值，ΥF是纖維體積分?jǐn)?shù)，Α和Β是纖維取向因數(shù)8。在我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，Α和Β的平均值分別取Α024、Β0072，這些值取決于纖維長度和取向。這兩個(gè)力學(xué)參數(shù)的變化也可以用一個(gè)基于相對(duì)表示的使用了現(xiàn)象的描述建模標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化拉伸強(qiáng)度ΣR/ΣRM、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化彈性模量E/EM與相對(duì)密度Ρ/Ρ0，其中Ρ0是未增強(qiáng)尼龍66的密度。圖32和圖33說明這些進(jìn)展，并表明他們是通過力的關(guān)系描述如下

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簡(jiǎn)介：3200英文單詞，英文單詞，18500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文5500字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處JULIAHORSTSCHR?ERUNIVERSITYRANKINGSINACTIONTHEIMPORTANCEOFRANKINGSANDANEXCELLENCECOMPETITIONFORUNIVERSITYCHOICEOFHIGHABILITYSTUDENTSJECONOMICSOFEDUCATIONREVIEW,2012,31611621176UNIVERSITYRANKINGSINACTIONTHEIMPORTANCEOFRANKINGSANDANEXCELLENCECOMPETITIONFORUNIVERSITYCHOICEOFHIGHABILITYSTUDENTSJULIAHORSTSCHR?ERABSTRACTTHISPAPERANALYZESHOWHIGHABILITYSTUDENTSRESPONDTODIFFERENTINDICATORSOFUNIVERSITYQUALITYWHENAPPLYINGFORAUNIVERSITYAREPROSPECTIVESTUDENTSINFLUENCEDBYQUALITYINDICATORSOFAUNIVERSITYRANKINGORBYANEXCELLENCESTATUSAWARDEDWITHINANATIONWIDECOMPETITIONANDIFSO,ARESOMEQUALITYDIMENSIONS,EGRESEARCHREPUTATION,MENTORING,FACULTYINFRASTRUCTURE,STUDENTS’SATISFACTIONORTHEEXCELLENCESTATUS,MOREIMPORTANTTHANOTHERSINORDERTOADDRESSTHESEQUESTIONS,IESTIMATEARANDOMUTILITYMODELUSINGADMINISTRATIVEAPPLICATIONDATAOFALLGERMANMEDICALSCHOOLSASIDENTIFICATIONRELIESONTHEVARIATIONINQUALITYINDICATORSOVERTIME,ICANDISENTANGLETHERESPONSETOCHANGINGQUALITYINDICATORSFROMTHECOMMONKNOWLEDGEREGARDINGUNIVERSITYATTRACTIVENESSRESULTSSHOWTHATTHERANKINGPROVIDESMORERELEVANTINFORMATIONINTHEQUALITYDIMENSIONSMENTORING,FACULTYINFRASTRUCTUREANDTHEOVERALLSTUDENTS’SATISFACTIONTHANWITHRESPECTTORESEARCHKEYWORDSHIGHEREDUCATIONUNIVERSITYCHOICECOLLEGEADMISSIONCONDITIONALLOGIT1INTRODUCTIONEVERYYEAR,SECONDARYSCHOOLGRADUATESTHATWANTTOPURSUEHIGHEREDUCATIONHAVETOCHOOSEAUNIVERSITYTHISISACRUCIALDECISIONFORTHEIRFUTURETRAJECTORIESMADEUNDERIMPERFECTINFORMATIONREGARDINGTHEIROWNABILITY,UNIVERSITYQUALITYANDTHECORRESPONDINGRETURNSTOADEGREEFROMANECONOMIST’SPOINTOFVIEW,ITISVERYIMPORTANTTHATPROSPECTIVESTUDENTSAPPLYFORTHEUNIVERSITIESTHATFITTHEMBESTINORDERTOMAXIMIZEHUMANCAPITALPRODUCTIONANDTOMINIMIZEDROPOUTSTHEREFORE,UNIVERSITYRANKINGSANDINDICATORSOFEXCELLENCEMAYPROVIDEVALUABLEINFORMATIONFORTHEDECISIONOFPROSPECTIVESTUDENTSINTHISPAPER,IANALYZEWHETHERHIGHABILITYSTUDENTSINFACTUSEDIFFERENTUNIVERSITYQUALITYINDICATORSASASOURCEOFINFORMATIONANDWHETHERSOMEQUALITYDIMENSIONSAREMOREIMPORTANTFORANAPPLICANT’SDECISIONTHANOTHERSFORTHISPURPOSE,IESTIMATETHEEFFECTOFDIFFERENTQUALITYINDICATORSFROMAGERMANUNIVERSITYRANKING–ASWELLESTABLISHEDASTHEUSNEWSWORLDREPORTRANKINGINTHEUS–ONTHEUNIVERSITYAPPLICATIONDECISIONOFHIGHABILITYSTUDENTSASANADDITIONALQUALITYINDICATOR,IUSEANEXCELLENCECOMPETITIONRUNBYTHEGERMANGOVERNMENT,WHICHDECLAREDSOMEUNIVERSITIESTOBE“EXCELLENCEUNIVERSITIES”ANDGRANTEDTHEMEXTRAMONEYIDENTIFICATIONRELIESONTHEVARIATIONINDUCEDBYCHANGESINTHERANKINGINDICATORSOVERTIMEANDTHEINTRODUCTIONOFTHEEXCELLENCESTATUSTHISALLOWSMETODISENTANGLETHERESPONSETOTHENEWINFORMATIONPROVIDEDBYTHEQUALITYINDICATORSFROMTHETIMECONSTANT,COMMONKNOWLEDGEREGARDINGTHEOVERALLUNIVERSITYATTRACTIVENESSINCONTRASTTOTHEUSHIGHEREDUCATIONSYSTEM,THEGERMANSYSTEMISTRADITIONALLYBASEDONPUBLICUNIVERSITIESWHICHWERERECOGNIZEDASQUITEHOMOGENEOUSWITHRESPECTTOTHEIRQUALITYDURINGTHELASTCOUPLEOFYEARS,HOWEVER,SEVERALCHANGESTOWARDSAMORECOMPETITIVEMARKETHAVEBEENIMPLEMENTEDWITHTHEPUBLICATIONOFUNIVERSITYRANKINGSINTHEMEDIASTARTINGFROM1990SONWARDS,THEQUALITYOFDIFFERENTINSTITUTIONSHASBECOMEDIRECTLYCOMPARABLEFORTHEFIRST2010ANALYZETHEINFLUENCEOFGERMANUNIVERSITYRANKINGSONTHENUMBEROFMATRICULATEDSTUDENTSANDTHESORTINGOFSTUDENTSACCORDINGTOABILITYTHEYSHOWTHATRANKINGSALSOSEEMTOINFLUENCETHEMATRICULATIONDECISIONINGERMANYHOWEVER,BOTHGERMANSTUDIESCANNOTCONTROLFORUNIVERSITYFIXEDEFFECTSAND,THEREFORE,FAILTODISENTANGLETHEEFFECTOFTHEADDITIONALINFORMATIONPROVIDEDBYTHERANKINGSFROMTHECOMMONKNOWLEDGEREGARDINGUNIVERSITYATTRACTIVENESSTHISPAPERCONTRIBUTESTOTHEEXISTINGLITERATUREONUNIVERSITYRANKINGSBYDISTINGUISHINGTHEIMPORTANCEOFDIFFERENTQUALITYDIMENSIONS,WHILECONTROLLINGFORTHECOMMONKNOWLEDGEREGARDINGUNIVERSITYATTRACTIVENESSTOMYKNOWLEDGE,THISANALYSISISTHEFIRSTTOPROVIDEEVIDENCEREGARDINGTHEIMPORTANCEOFDIFFERENTRANKINGDIMENSIONSTHEINTERNATIONALLITERATURE,SOFAR,HASBEENLIMITEDTOTHEINFLUENCEOFTHEOVERALLRANKOFANUNIVERSITYTHEGERMANMULTIDIMENSIONALRANKINGOFTHECENTERFORHIGHEREDUCATIONDEVELOPMENTCHERANKING,HOWEVER,ALLOWSMETOSTUDYSEVERALQUALITYDIMENSIONSSEPARATELYTHEMAINQUALITYDIMENSIONSPUBLISHEDARERESEARCHREPUTATION,MENTORING,FACULTYINFRASTRUCTUREASWELLASARECOMMENDATIONBYPROFESSORSANDSTUDENTSANADDITIONALQUALITYINDICATORSTUDIEDISTHEEXCELLENCESTATUSAWARDEDBYTHEGERMANGOVERNMENTWITHINANEXCELLENCECOMPETITIONMYRESULTSTHUSPROVIDEADDITIONALKNOWLEDGEONWHICHQUALITYDIMENSIONSAREMOSTIMPORTANTFORTHEUNIVERSITYCHOICEOFPROSPECTIVESTUDENTSARANDOMUTILITYMODELEXPLAININGTHEAPPLICATIONDECISIONBYUNIVERSITYANDINDIVIDUALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEAPPLICANTSISESTIMATEDUSINGACONDITIONALLOGITMODELDUETOTHEINCLUSIONOFUNIVERSITYFIXEDEFFECTS,ICANCONTROLFORTHETIMECONSTANT,COMMONKNOWLEDGEREGARDINGOVERALLUNIVERSITYATTRACTIVENESSAND,THEREFORE,IDENTIFICATIONRELIESSOLELYONTHEVARIATIONINRANKINGSANDEXCELLENCESTATUSOVERTIMETHEESTIMATES,THUS,REFLECTTHEEFFECTOFTHEDIFFERENTRANKINGINDICATORSONTOPOFTHETIMECONSTANT,OVERALLQUALITYASIDONOTCONTROLFORTHEQUALITYSCALEUNDERLYINGTHERANKING,THEEFFECTOFINTEREST,HOWEVER,ISNOTTHEPURESIGNALLINGEFFECTOFTHERANKINGBUTINDICATESTHESTUDENTS’REACTIONSTONEWINFORMATIONONUNIVERSITYQUALITYIUSEAVERYCOMPREHENSIVE,ADMINISTRATIVEDATASETPROVIDEDBYTHEGERMANCENTRALAGENCY‘ZVS’ADMINISTERINGTHEAPPLICATIONPROCESSFORMEDICALSTUDIES,WHICHISSUBSEQUENTLYCALLEDCENTRALCLEARINGHOUSE4THEDATASETCONTAINSINDIVIDUALINFORMATIONONALLAPPLICANTSATGERMANMEDICALSCHOOLSFORTHEYEARS2002–2008NOTETHATSTUDENTSINGERMANYAPPLYFORMEDICALSCHOOLDIRECTLYAFTERFINISHINGTHEIRSECONDARYEDUCATIONANDTHATMEDICALSCHOOLPROGRAMSTAKEABOUTSIXYEARSTOEARNA“MASTERLIKE”DEGREEWITHOUTAWARDINGANINTERMEDIATE“BACHELORLIKE”DEGREEINBETWEENTHEDATASETOFFERSTWOIMPORTANTADVANTAGESFORMYANALYSISFIRST,ICANSTUDYTHEAPPLICATIONRATHERTHANTHEMATRICULATIONDECISIONTHISISIMPORTANTASTHEAPPLICATIONDECISIONISLESSDRIVENBYSUPPLYCONSTRAINTSSECOND,THEINDIVIDUALNATUREOFTHEDATAALLOWSMETOCONTROLFORTHEDISTANCEBETWEENASTUDENT’SHOMETOWNANDEACHUNIVERSITYINTHECHOICESET,WHICHISSHOWNTOBEAVERYIMPORTANTDETERMINANTOFTHEAPPLICATIONDECISIONANIMPORTANTLIMITATIONOFTHEDATAIS,HOWEVER,THATMYANALYSESNEEDTOFOCUSONHIGHABILITYAPPLICANTS,ASTHEOTHERPROSPECTIVESTUDENTSAREOBJECTTOSTRATEGICAPPLICATIONBEHAVIORANDTHEREFOREDONOTSTATETHEIRTRUEPREFERENCESTHERESULTSSHOWTHATACHIEVINGEXCELLENCESTATUSINCREASESTHEODDSTOAPPLYFORHIGHABILITYSTUDENTSBY19OFTHEPRIORODDSHENCE,THEEXCELLENCECOMPETITIONRUNBYTHEGERMANGOVERNMENTSIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTSTHEUNIVERSITYCHOICEOFHIGHABILITYSTUDENTSREGARDINGTHERANKINGINDICATORS,AHIGHRANKWITHRESPECTTOSTUDENTS’SATISFACTIONINCREASESTHEODDSTOAPPLY,ANDALOWRANKINMENTORING,FACULTYINFRASTRUCTUREASWELLASINTHEINDICATORSTUDENTS’SATISFACTIONLOWERSTHEODDSTHERESEARCH